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§4. Geographical sociology of the right

Geographical direction in political and sociological thought - one of the most ancient. Already Platon and Aristotle, creating models of the ideal policy, in detail described an environment of its existence.

The Ancient Greek geographer and historian Strabon stated thoughts on communication of an environment, customs of the people and its political establishments. The ideologist of the state sovereignty Z.Boden has tried to establish dependence between national character of the people of the East, the West, the North and the South, fertility of soil and space. In XVIII century the problem of influence of the geographical factor for a society life is considered in Voltaire, SH.L.Montesquieu's compositions and ZH.L.L. de Bjuffona. If first two authors were limited to promotion of speculative hypotheses last, being the scientist and leaning against idea of unity vegetative and fauna, tried to prove convertibility of kinds (including the person) under the influence of conditions of environment (a climate, a food, etc.) . The geographical direction in bolshej or a smaller measure proves in German philosophy of history (I.G.Gerder, I.Kant, I.G.Fichte, V.F.Gegel) where the history of the people is considered taking into account their natural site.

Positivistic methodology, anthropology development, etnologii and geography - all it created favorable conditions for an intensification of sociological researches as regards dependence of a society on an environment. Formation of geographical sociology actually also was one of the stages, one of the parties, one of elements more the general process of formation of theoretical sociology as universal social study. The role of founders of positivistic sociology here was more methodological, than substantial, on what V.M.Hvostov has paid attention: « The French and English positivists as Kont, Tan, Spenser gave great value to the factor of environment in development of the people. Value of this factor, however, was blacked out by that joined in concept of environment not only geographical conditions, but also cultural tradition... At such statement the concept of environment receives too wide and a little suitable sense for scientific working out »[110]. The basic contribution to creation of geographical sociology historians have brought, ethnobroad gulls, geographers, as a rule, positivistic orientation for which the environment of dwelling of the person was a subject of special researches (in Europe - G.T.Bokl, K.Ritter, F.Rattsel, ZH.ZH.E. Reklju, A.Matteutsi, in Russia - L.I.Mechnikov, S.M.nightingale, V.O.Kljuchevsky, A.P.ShChapov, Eurasians) [111].

The sociology, having set for itself a problem to show communication between politiko-legal forms and an environment, at once has shown relative weakness of the methodological device in such thin area. The human collective, getting to those or other climatic and geographical conditions, certainly, aspires to adapt to them, that leaves traces on a way of life and a life of people, the organisation of manufacture, family and imperious relations, defines specificity of their religious and aesthetic views. The archeology, anthropology, etnologija, comparative history, comparative jurisprudence on a boundary XVIII - XIX have fixed the given fact, having brought under it a solid scientific substantiation. At the same time the aspiration of sociology to rise over the empirical material, given by special sciences, on level of wide theoretical generalisations frequently turned around creation of the far-fetched, artificial schemes.

The standard approach consisted in showing communication between an environment and politiko-legal forms of the people by means of its ethnic and racial features. In this case anthropological properties of the people, its race, national character and culture became an actual point of issue. Such researches from the European scientists XIX - quite often came to an end first third XX century with conclusions about backwardness or even inferiority of the non-European people and according to their politiko-legal forms.

Unlike European Russian geographical sociology, as a rule, avoided such vulgar straightforwardness and offered more reserved approach. An environment was considered as the factor, capable to set a direction of development of ethnos, but rigidly not predetermining its social forms. The given approach has precisely expressed M.M.Kovalevsky who was not the representative of geographical sociology, but recognised its scientific acquisitions: « The physical environment does not stir to development on distance of centuries rather various on type grazhdanstvennostej. So, the soil of Italy equally served as arena both the Roman culture, and barbarous kingdoms ost-is ready, langobardov, francs, Normans, and independent city republics, and tyrannies, or zarodyshnyh the absolute monarchies which in turn have passed in the constitutional. In the same way the vast great Russian plain which anywhere is not interrupted with physical barriers and in which silently current rivers facilitate the intercourses of inhabitants between itself, not at once has become area of autocracy of the Russian monarchs and long time was the witness to a considerable autonomy of broad masses under domination of princes called by them. On the other hand, the reason stated already by Lion Mechnikovym, that, despite distinction in a climate is worthy, Egypt, India, Mesopotamia and China equally were a civilisation cradle, have developed more or less similar types of military despotisms and the theocracy. From all it does not follow, however, that we could ignore the influence of the physical environment especially strongly affecting during initial epoch of cultural development when the person is still deprived imitation possibility to already developed types and quite there is no element of the inherited abilities »[112].

The geographical sociology has been widely presented in works of our large historians which have tried to explain an origin of Russian state with its help, to give the comparative analysis of genesis of the state in Western and the Eastern Europe. Europe, argues S.M.nightingale, consists of two parts: western (stone) and east (wooden). Presence of a stone (mountains) in the West Europe has led to that the western princes built fortresses of a stone, thereby creating itself independence. From here - presence of set of the small states. In the east of Europe there is no stone, there is no variety of nationalities, there is no possibility to build stone fortresses, accordingly is not present strong dwellings which it would be heavy to leave. In the east of Europe teams with princes constantly dvizhutsja on boundless space, that finally leads to formation «unknown on the size to the state». In east Europe two geographical forms - wood and steppe from which contrast struggle of the population of two half of Russia - wood and steppe follows dominate. In steppe the nomadic, predatory people which have definitively devastated Russia at Tatars initially settled down. The state, capable to overcome the steppe population, could affirm only far from steppe, as woods, inaccessible for nomads. With easing of nomadic hordes struggle does not stop, since in steppe there is a new population - Cossacks with whom the Moscow state is forced to struggle and further (especially during Vague time). « Steppe uslovlivala it is constant this vagrant, loose kozatskuju a life with primitive forms, wood more limited, defined, more set the person, did it zemskim, settled, established in contrast kozaku, free, babbling. From here quieter, equal and, hence, and stronger in the results activity of northern Russian person, from here shatost southern ». The extensive plain (from the White sea to Black and from Baltic to Caspian), continues the historian, has no considerable eminences and sharp transitions, the monotonous nature that led to a monotony establishment in employment, customs, customs and religion prevails. From here - extensiveness of Russian state, monotony of parts and a strong link between them. The rivers, providing interrelation of territories, also promoted association of Russian state. The abundance of the rivers flowing in basic on the east and the southeast, set a direction of distribution of Russian state [113 [114].

Geographical and climatic conditions explain distinctions in history of formation of the states of the West and Russia. For the Western Europe, approves S.M.nightingale, the nature - mother, for East - the stepmother. In the west the earth is branched out, islands and peninsulas, mountain and many the separate people and the states, in the east - continuous enormous plain and one enormous state. In the west of Europe «the sea neighbourhood, a long coastal line, moderate size of sharply limited state area, convenience of natural internal messages, a variety of forms, absence of the enormous, overwhelming sizes in everything, blagorastvorenie air, without the African heat and the Asian frost» [115] are favourable to speed of development of a public life. « The history-stepmother has forced one of ancient European tribes to accept movement from the West on the east and to occupy those countries where the nature is machehoju for the person. In the beginning of new evropejsko-Christian history two tribes have accepted dominating position and have kept it behind itself for ever: German and slavic, tribes-brothers of one indoevropejskogo origins; they have divided between themselves Europe, and in this initial sharing, in this initial movement - Germans from the northeast into the southwest, in the field of Roman empire where the strong base of a western civilisation has been put already in pawn, and Slavs, on the contrary, from the southwest on the northeast, in virgin and deprived prirodoju spaces, - in this opposite movement distinction of all subsequent history of both tribes lays. About initial distinction in their characters, about advantage in this respect one before another and about influence of this distinction on history we have no right to conclude on a lack of news; We see only, that one tribe iznachala operates under the most favorable circumstances, another - at the most adverse »[116].

If historians S.M.nightingale and V.O.Kljuchevsky used geographical sociology as an additional method of research, for L.I.Mechnikova influence of an environment on social forms - an independent scientific subject. It as sociologist interest only the people which have brought the contribution to development of culture and a civilisation, the created rather developed politiko-legal forms («the historical people»), «the nature people», fallen asleep at a Stone Age stage, can interest, from its point of view, only the anthropologist and the ethnographer.

As, as it was marked above, the geographical sociology, studying communication of an environment and social forms, in passing, as a rule, mentioned questions etnologii, L.I.Mechnikov also solves for itself the given problem. In business of studying of races, he believes, two basic concepts were generated: 1) the ethnologic: the reason of non-uniform distribution of civilisations are congenital features of races (this theory is based on a heredity principle); 2) the geographical: the difference in civilisation levels depends on influence of environment (its major principles - evolution and the adaptation by Wednesday). L.I.Mechnikov - the supporter of the second. In history of civilisations, the sociologist proves, never it was necessary to deal with the people quite isolated, therefore any anthropological classification has no value for history and sociology. The people with close anthropological qualities in different conditions showed different potential in civilisation creation that specifies in external conditions as a primary factor forming civilisations. The Aryan people occupying Europe, never would create a great civilisation if have not been impregnated by blood of Negroes and the metises who have created the Egyptian civilisation. Racial distinctions should be considered only as result of the adaptation of the person by Wednesday, i.e. to various geographical and social conditions. Thereupon L.I.Mechnikov criticises C.Lambrozo's theory about existence of "criminal" type - the representative of special ancient ethnos. «The criminal person» Lambrozo - indicative type of the person degenerating exclusively under the influence of the adverse environment.

About the same positions M.M.Kovalevsky adheres also: « That circumstance, that the people of white race in so various climates as a climate of Russia and the Scandinavian countries, on the one hand, and the climate of Italy, Spain and Greece, with another, have grown to identical degrees of culture irrespective of or other distribution of mountains and the rivers and length of a coastal line to which geographers fairly attribute the big influence on features of arising civilisation, grants to us is right to tell, that irrespective of physical factors it is necessary others with which we and are obliged by the big or smaller unity of culture of all white race occupying various continents of globe should to operate. This circumstance also forces me to repeat, after Kont, that the physical environment can be a condition promoting or interfering public development in the separate countries, that it it is possible to explain to some extent a direction of this or that civilisation mainly aside pastushestva, agriculture or an exchange and even development in the population which has created it of these or those parties of national mentality that is in turn reflected in a direction accepted its art and partly by cerebration; but that forward development of mankind and in particular white race, or, more truly, “the European West”, is caused by action of the general factors of other order, than physical »[117 [118].

L.I.Mechnikov draws the following picture of occurrence of the states in connection with their environment. All history of a civilisation (the history of the people which have created the state) shares for three epoch: river, sea, oceanic. During a river epoch four great cultures have arisen: Chinese (on coast of the rivers Hoan-ho and Jantze-tzjan), Indian (in pool of the rivers of Indus and Ganges), Assiro-Babylon (on coast of the Tiger and Efrata), Egyptian (Nile). River character of civilisations caused their disconnexion. The West and the East during the given period is divided geographically in the area of mountains Solomonovyh (Sulejman-Dag). West civilisations (Assiro-Babylon and Egyptian) settled down on more open space that weakened their isolationism. East civilisations (Chinese and Indian), on the contrary, have geographically been separated from other civilisations that has caused their big inertness and passivity, having generated, finally, despotism: « The specific geographical environment of these rivers could be turned on advantage of the person only collective, severely disciplined work of the big broad masses at least consisting of the diversified and diverse ethnic elements. Channels Kijang-nanja and dams Hoan-ho are possibly results of wisely incorporated collective work of many generations, possibly, much more numerous, than those generations what built the Egyptian temples and pyramids. The slightest oversight at prorytii any channel, simple laziness, egoism of one person, or small group, at the general work on creation of collective riches - obereganija a precious moisture and rational use by it, - could cause disaster and hunger-strike of all people. On pain of inevitable death, the river-wet nurse forced the population to connect the efforts to the general work, learnt to the solidarity, at least actually separate groups of the population hated each other. The river imposed some part of the community work which utility was learnt subsequently on each separate member of a society, and in the beginning happened is not clear to the enormous majority. Very often this majority was unable realise about the plan of execution of the general work. Here where a true source of that timid awe and feeling of the respect, shown by the people in relation to the rivers, these deities, on belief of the ancient people giving food to people, destroying and ozhivotvorjajushchih, revealing the secrets only few selected works to whom they also charge management of the people on similarity of how the destiny »[119] operates.

After the lapse of many centuries there is a sea epoch (or Mediterranean): the civilisation stream has gone down on coast of the rivers to the sea and has extended on its coast between Africa, Asia and Europe. Any river civilisation should be lost or be sooner or later the absorbed sea civilisation, the main things which representatives of a steel Phoenicia, Greece and Rome. The Middle Ages in Europe and in forward Asia is an episode of a sea epoch. Obvious advantage of a sea epoch consisted that it has given to civilisations the international character. The given period has provided continuity of civilisations: if during a river epoch the separate people could disappear completely the sea epoch formed world civilisations in which frameworks one people transferred the experience to another. Border of a sea epoch and oceanic - opening by Columbus Ameriki that marked itself falling of the Mediterranean nations and the states and fast growth of the countries located at coast of Atlantic ocean (Portugal, Spain, France, England and

The Netherlands). The oceanic epoch consists of the Atlantic epoch (from Columbus's opening till the end of XIX century) and World (from the end XIX - the beginnings of XX century) which else arises) [120].

Weakness of the geographical approach consists that he always demands a certain additional mediated link or in the form of economy, either culture, or racial and ethnic features. Between an environment and politiko-legal forms the certain intermediary element doing given correlation weak, inexact, likelihood always lays. The geographical sociology of the right does conclusions in which the hypothesis plays very big role. The geographical factor, undoubtedly, influences occurrence, formation and state and right development, but always oposredovanno. So, at the heart of stated above the concept «wood and steppe» lay two facts, two empirical support: forest-steppe plain of east Europe and the extensive state on territory of east Slavs. Aspiring to connect these two facts, Russian historians do a theoretical assumption, that the forest-steppe plain which does not have natural barriers (mountain ridges, etc.) Did inevitable distribution of Russian state on all given territory. For an explanation of Russian political history the given concept, apparently, achieved the object. The problem consists that this concept works only back as a scientific retrospective show as history reconstruction. However reliability, scientific character of sociological knowledge should prove to be true repeatability of the phenomena and in this sense to be a support more or less authentic forecast. It is here again found out, that the concept «wood and steppe» suits only an explanation of exclusively Russian political history, not applicable to other regions and epoch. The geographical factor applied to Russian history, on - visible, gave it a rational explanation, but it had very speculative character. In interpretation of Russian historians the concept «wood and steppe» was not beyond a hypothesis.

Eurasians (P.N.Savitsky, N.S.Trubetsky, P.P.Suvchinsky, L.P.Karsavin, N.N.Alexey, G.V.Vernadsky), understanding high level of speculativeness of the given concept, enter into it a component of the Euroasian culture: Genghis Khan empire has imparted to Russian consciousness sensation of continent, the aspiration to dominate in territory of Eurasia and to be it obedinitelem; mongolo-Tatars have put in pawn bases of the state possessing political both military power and influence capable to extensive expansion. In this case in the concept «wood and steppe» besides two named empirical reference points (the forest-steppe plain of east Europe and the extensive state on territory of east Slavs) was located the third: formation of the new Euroasian culture, new political spirituality. The geographical factor has been added by the factor anthropological and cultural urological. The geographical sociology taken in the pure state, has seemed to Eurasians obviously insufficient.

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A source: ZHUKOV VYACHESLAV NIKOLAEVICH. RIGHT SOCIOLOGY In Russia: SECOND HALF XIX - FIRST THIRD XX century (TEORETIKO-METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of juridical science. Moscow - 2015. 2015

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  2. §2. Formation of sociology of the right
  3. §1. Sociology history
  4. §3. Right sociology in Russia
  5. geographical instructions abroad
  6. §2. Subjective sociology of the right
  7. §3. Organic sociology of the right
  8. §3. Sociology of the right and dogmatic jurisprudence
  9. §4. Right sociology as a teoretiko-legal science
  10. Geographical structure invazionnoj flora fractions
  11. §2. Sociology of the right and hegelianism
  12. §3. Kantianstvo and neokantianstvo in right sociology
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