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modern Russian economy from the point of view of possibilities of a macroeconomic policy

C the points of view of possibilities and features macroeconomic poliyotiki in the conditions of modern Russia special interest represent character and essence of the specific economic system which have developed at us which hardly differs from market economies of the countries of the West and in general from stereotipyonyh submissions about a capitalist economy.

However before govoyorit about this system, it would be expedient to characterise as a whole rossijyoskuju economy in its present kind, having allocated its basic lines.

Keeping for a while a question on the reasons, it is possible to ascertain, that rosyosijskaja the economy is today: 1) as a whole slaborazvitoj; 2) economy with a dominating role of the raw sector in many respects focused for export; 3) vysokomonopolizirovannoj.

So, first, it is necessary to recognise, that as a whole our economy seyogodnja is economy poor and underdeveloped country.

Thus it is necessary to be stipulated: features of historical way RosYOsii have caused an originality of our poverty — at a low standard of living osnovyonoj weights of the population and as a whole to backward economy in its some sectors serious reserves for production more a high level, than economy level as a whole have been created. It first of all a military production, neposredyostvenno the branches of the research and development connected with it, some infrastructural otyorasli. It also some civil industries (for example, civil aircraft engineering), the basic which part of costs covered expenses on VPK. It, at last, those branches, which development has not been justified economically,
But it was supported for ideological or strategic reasons (vyyochislitelnaja engineering).

Simultaneously the system of the forced preparation of a labour has caused higher, than in the countries with similar level of economic development, level of the general and vocational training. Expenses for research and development (if not to take into consideration their productivity) also were high even to measures of the most developed countries.

Nevertheless from the point of view of level of incomes and investments, from the point of view of technologies applied in production and general efficiency proizvodyostva, and also absolute indicators of labour efficiency and the capital, Russia far lags behind group of the developed countries and even from most "prodviyonutyh" srednerazvityh economy. Contrary to it is artificial supported miyofam, the processing sector of the Russian industry on world stanyodartam is inefficient on 70—80 % and is not capable to survive in conditions of completely open economy and the world prices for raw materials and energy. That the sector of so-called high technologies has especially hardly suffered as a result peyorehoda to a market economy, — is absolutely not casual. Even in the developed market economies it more others lean against so-called effect of external economy («external economy»), resulting expenses of the state for public sector, and at us this dependence was troekratyonoj. It is natural, that it deprived of direct state support, okayozalsja from the market point of view absolutely inefficient and nekonkurentospoyosobnym, that once again proves low general level economic razviyotija the countries.

The rupture separating Russia from the developed countries in area soyozdanija of a modern infrastructure is huge also.

In the country practically there are no modern motorways, and throughput of railways is low and recently practically does not grow. More than half of population have no home telephone number, about 85 % never in a life used the computer.

Industrial, transport and (especially housing-and-municipal infrastructures are on a low technological level and are hardly worn out physically; a condition of their updating and modernisation are large edinoyovremennye the investments non-comparable to the sizes of the budget of the state. Hardly
The scientific and technical potential of the country has suffered also, nevostrebovannost kotoyorogo the last ten-fifteen years has led to its disorganisation and zayometnoj to degradation.

Secondly, the dominating role syredobyvajushchego sectors in economy of Russia is available.

Though directly share of raw branches in formation of Russian gross national product is rather insignificant, on it the basic part fiyonansovyh resources which the Russian companies possess, denezhyonyh streams and industrial investments (compare [31]) is necessary. In the industry on electric power industry and eksportnoorientirovannye toplivno-raw branches 80 % of all investments are necessary almost, and the share of investments in pererabayotyvajushchih branches (mechanical engineering, easy and the food-processing industry) does not exceed 15 %. In export the share of production of toplivno-raw branches (vkljuyochaja an industrial output of superficial processing) makes 70 % and has a rising tendency. Thus more than half of all volume of export it is necessary on a crudeoil and natural gas. Thanking it otrasyoljam the last years the active foreign trade balance without which service of a large external debt would be impossible, nakopyolennogo for the last decades is supported also.

The raw sector is the largest generator of money incomes of the population. Besides significant number of the workers directly taken by extraction, transportation and raw materials processing, this sector "feeds" doyovolno an extensive infrastructure — wide sections of labour-consuming productions, the basic or crucial consumer for which is the export-raw sector or taken in it. The increase or reduction of incomes in toplivno-raw sector in today's conditions multiplikayotivno generates growth or falling of sales in the big sector of the productions capable in the sum to make defining impact on a condition vnutriyohozjajstvennoj of a conjuncture.

This sector crucial as well for a condition of public finances: here gathers more than half of all indirect taxes (including payments for use of natural resources) which in turn supply more than half of cumulative budget receipts,
Incomes of the federal budget being especially important source.

Moreover, round the raw companies and on their base the modern Russian oligarchy is definitively consolidated: the companies of a raw profile start to operate expressly or by implication more and more significant chayostju cumulative financial streams in the Russian economy. In the sphere anyhow under control to these companies, the streams directly connected with extraction and export of natural resources, but also involved in sectors adjacent or serving them get any more only, and even is simple in productions with the raised profitability, technologically in any way svjayozannyh with the basic profile of activity of these companies.

Thirdly, for our economy very high degree moyonopolizatsii is characteristic.

This line, in turn, is caused by variety of various factors.

First, it naturally follows from a dominating role of raw corporations in economy of Russia. Use of natural raw materials by the most nature is interfaced to numerous elements natural and adminiyostrativnoj monopolies which in the Russian conditions amplify gromadyonymi in distances, weak development of the general infrastructure, low moyobilnostju a labour, weakness of the central power.

Secondly, the monopolism is patrimonial line Soviet ekonomichesyokoj systems.

The industrial structure of the Soviet economy has been built in such a manner that the monopolism was its main principle. The Soviet planned economy constantly struggled with so-called parallelism, or dubliroyovaniem functions which was considered as an inefficiency sign, and konkurenyotsija — the form of waste of resources. The logic of construction of industrial and distributive systems based on a monopoly principle as an ideal of efficiency and excluded possibility of its functioning on others, neyozheli directive planning, the beginnings.

Thirdly, monopolism it is artificial it is supported with the help admiyonistrativnogo a resource as typical line modern hozjajstvenyonoj systems in Russia. It is the factor allowing private business at the general inefficiency of economy to receive vysoyo
I forge profit. An administrative resource and created with its help monoyopolizm allow to combine low public productivity and vyyosokuju profitability of private business.

As a result of action of all named factors for more than ten years of Post-Soviet development in the country and has not developed national konkuyorentnyj the market. That we have received instead of it, is a set truncated on sphere of the coverage and hardly segmented markets where administrativyonye and other not economic barriers between separate segments remain very high, and a movement of capital, accordingly, the extremely hindered.

Further. Except and besides three above-named characteristics of the Russian economy, on efficiency of macroeconomic regulation features of the economic system which has developed in the country after crash sovetyoskoj of a planned economy — systems about which we (and not only we) already many times spoke influence and wrote (see, for example, [12, 25, 34, 149]).

Really, formally at us — legal market economy with vseyomi its attributes and even "architectural extravagances". We have the codes of laws allowing to economic subjects freely to use reyosursy, to compete among themselves and to grow rich at the expense of more productive and effective work. We have also laws and the institutes allowing the state on behalf of its numerous bodies to watch that rynochyonye relations were civilised and correct, and game rules — fair and uniform for all. Theoretically the government is capable obespechiyovat equal access to resources and to prevent their illegal ispolzoyovanie, to encourage a free competitiveness and to limit monopolies, nakazyyovat swindlers and to protect legitimate rights of all economic subjects, irrespective of their size and political force. The Duma passes in this respect all new laws and improves old, and the government as in due course on party plenums, reports about perfection economic mehayonizma and eternal «positive shifts».

Actually in the country have constructed absolutely other system of economic and public relations having very few general with model pravovoyogo the state and a konkurentno-market economy. This model it is possible nazyyovat differently — «korporativno-criminal capitalism","administrayo
Tivno-nomenclature "," bureaucratic »capitalism. With allowance for that actually in this system there is nothing specifically Russian or Soviet and, on the contrary, there is much the general with others, similar to us on conditions the countries which are on periphery modern market kapitalistiyocheskogo economy, we named this system« peripheral capitalism »(see chapter 4).

This term is quite applicable to us and with scientific, and political the points of view as reflects actual for our country today a historical choice: or by means of political will and resolute reforms to begin probiyovatsja in the developed nucleus of the world economy, or, having been subject already priobretenyonoj inertia to be fixed in it as corrupted and not too tsiviyolizovannoj the periphery taking ground floors of the world economy.

Anyhow, business not in the name. An essence that as a result more than ten years' «transition to the market» in the country many kinds otnosheyony have affirmed, defective or mismatching principles of competitive market economy and legal company.

It first of all prevailing or, on all occasions, very much bolyoshaja a role which as a regulator of an economic life play neforyomalnye the relations existing and acting outside the limits of the official right. In practice between the existing legislation and an economic reality we have an enormous rupture. Against periodically vozyonikajushchih conversations on «law dictatorship» last still ispolnjayoetsja only in that degree in which it is politically convenient, and the active part of the population continues to work in "contractual" economy where act not under the law or official instructions, and in compliance with arrangements with who has a real power and possibilities.

The system of law of regulation of administrative relations on prakyotike does not act. The major questions of activity of the authorities are decided on the basis of personal decisions and "consultations", practically out of communication with sushchestvuyojushchimi formal normative statements. The control rights over those or other profitable spheres, especially at regional level, it is opened rasyopredeljajutsja the narrow circle of persons, having the actual power. In gosuyodarstvennom sector distribution of posts on «to a bark almost openly practises
mlenie »at preservation nerealistichno low salaries of the maximum officials in administration, judicial system and law-enforcement structures. Law enforcement bodies extremely selectively use in the dejayotelnosti force of the law, being practically are not under control sudebyonym, to administrative authorities.

The state was actually eliminated from function of the guarantor of performance konyotraktnogo the rights. Guarantee of fulfilment by partners of obligations on kontrakyotam is in our conditions care and a problem of interested managing subjects which are compelled to rely in it only on sobyostvennuju force or force of the patrons, but not on force of the law and the state.

The administrative power, from its part, actively uses the imperious resource for sharing in chastnopredprinimatelskoj activity. Officers of all levels expressly or by implication participate in such activity, actually connecting in its frameworks the state possibilities and private highly profitable business that allows them to remove itself and podkontrolyonyj it business from sphere of action of laws of a competitiveness.

In these conditions such basic for democratic kapitayolizma institute as the private property institution, exists in the truncated, limited kind as the rights and the authorities following from the status of the proprietor, hardly depend on imperious mutual relations and consequently otlichayojutsja the big instability.

In sphere actually business does not exist uniform for all ekonomichesyokogo space and documentary issued rules of management operations which the overwhelming majority managing subekyotov would adhere. The principle of publicity and an openness of the information on financial circumstances of the enterprises and their financial streams exists only on a paper, and the interdiction for use of the insider information is not issued even not legally.

In a financial sector the majority of institutes exists in rudimentary soyostojanii and pretty often executes the functions initially not intended for them. Regulation and supervision of their activity frequently exist only on a paper or degenerate in the senseless ritual, executed it uchastniyokami is exclusive «on public» or for «the external use».

It is natural, that the named characteristics (feature) of system sni -

zhajut efficiency of indirect levers macroeconomic regulirovayonija. It is obvious, that the economy in which about 40 % of the general economic akyotivnosti is shadow, difficultly gives in to regulation with the help zakoyonov, taxes and the other tools applied to legal economic activities. The economy which is not recognising laws established from above and not paying taxes, has proof immunity to any tools ekonomiyocheskoj politicians in its usual understanding.

Besides, absence in today's conditions jasnorazlichimoj between legal and not registered activity allows a side big chisyolu economic subjects independently to regulate proportions between regulated (that is supervised) and noncontrollable (uncontrollable) economic activities parts. As a result effect of measures ekonomichesyokoj politicians even on that part of economy which does not concern to shadow, javljayoetsja trudnoprognoziruemym, and in a significant part and uncertain. In other words, changing key parametres of system of measures economic poliyotiki (base and taxation rates, obligatory methods of payments, objects and licensing conditions, etc.), let alone more thin tools concerning sphere of a credit policy, the government objectively cannot confidently predict probable effect of such changes.

Thus, and character of the Russian economy, and its feature soyovremennoj economic system reduce possibilities and the importance stavyoshih traditional for economy of the countries of the West of tools makroekonomiyocheskogo regulations and, accordingly, raise a role and significance instituyotsionalnyh transformations, and also measures semiadministrative reguliroyovanija at branch level which can be designated as «the industrial policy». Ascertaining of this fact absolutely wrongly consider at us almost as "communistic heresy» or at least opposition to a rate on reforms. In a reality business is very much the other way — data of reforms to failure of the state of responsibility for a condition of economy and to use by it only a narrow tooling of monetary regulation, efyofektivnost which in our conditions more than is doubtful, in practice means failure of original market reforms as dooms the country to a role of eternal backward periphery as a whole dynamically developing world economy.

6.3.

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A source: Javlinsky Grigory Alekseevich. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM of Russia And the PROBLEM of ITS MODERNIZATION. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the Doctor of Economics. Moscow - 2005. 2005

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