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the Person of the president: structural and dynamic components

In the literature devoted to litiko-psychological studying of heads of the states, researchers usually do not aspire to the detailed and wraparound analysis of the person of presidents. The attention, as a rule, is focused on how their separate personal qualities prove in observable behaviour.
Accordingly, in studying of the person of the leader in political psychology the emphasis is placed on treating of individual differences. It is special, narrower approach, than that is accepted in personologii, social or general psychology. Though their techniques are activly used in distantnyh researches, getting the characteristics necessary for adaptation to specificity of a political context. It is possible to agree with J. S.Edwards III and S.Dzh. Óýéíîì215 in which opinion, individual style of the leader of the country in execution of its political role varies from active aspiration as much as possible to dilate the powers - to obedient acceptance of the constitutional restrictions. The similar situation develops and concerning ability of the head of the state effectively to use available official resources which also vary: from strongly expressed - to rather mediocre. Having continued thought of these scientists, it is possible to ascertain, that very many depends on features of the person of each president which are transformed in the course of its political socialisation and professional formation. The Individually-psychological qualities of leaders influencing realisation by them of a political policy, are formed in process of the person and affect individual styles of decision-making, political behaviour, public rhetoric. The modern writers adhering to a personal direction, analyze or separate psychological lines ïðåçèäåíòîâ216, or significant set such êà÷åñòâ217 which make, a so-called, psychological or diagnostic profile. The results not less essential to understanding and forecasting of political activity of presidents, 215 Edwards III G. C., Wayne S. J. Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making. - 9th ed. - Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2014. - the River 4 - 6. 216 Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics: Methods and Applications of Operational Code Analysis / Ed. by M. Schafer, S. G. Walker. - N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. - 304 p.; Gizzatov E.K.Kognitivnye of the characteristic of the person of the political leader in the conditions of crises: Diss.... kand. It is watered. Sciences. - M, 2007. - 158 with.; Lakoff G. The Political Mind: A Cognitive Scientist's Guide to Your Brain and Its Politics. - N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2009. - 320 p.;, etc. 217 Winter D. G. Psychological Factors Affecting Distortion of Threat in the Perception of the Intentions of Leaders//Images of the states, the nations and leaders / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: Aspect the Press, 2008. - With. 25 - 37; Simonton D. K. Genius 101. - N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company, 2009. - 242 p.; Ljulchak E.R. Politiko - the psychological analysis of persons of leaders of "orange revolution» Victor Yushchenko and Julia Timoshenko: the Autoref. dis. - M: Open Company "Firm-block", 2010. - 26 with.; Hermann M. G. The Study of American Foreign Policy//Routledge Handbook of American Foreign Policy / Ed. by C. Jones, S. Hook. - Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2013. - P. 3 - 18;, etc. supporters psychobiographic ìåòîäà218, samples representing in the majority distantnogo the analysis of socialisation of leaders receive.
Each approach separately has the essential advantages, but is methodologically entered in defined «applicability borders». Therefore to receive convincing results, studying phenomenology of the presidential person and to manage adequately to interpret the obtained data probably only under condition of a harmonious combination of several approaches. Before to pass to influence treating ñîöèàëèçàöèè219 to execution of a role of the head of the state, we will stop on structural components of the person of the president, significant for its political activity. It is the motivational profile presented by a parity of motives of the power, achievement and affiliatsii; a combination of complexity I - concepts with self-rating level; philosophical belief of an operational code and political values; the type of a lead developing of shown models of behaviour; the style of interpersonal relations caused by predilection to an introversion or ekstraversii and predisposition to äîìèíèðîâàíèþ220. According to a number of scientists, for activity of the president three base motives have a principal value: the authorities, achievements and affiliatsii. Sometimes as additional motive the aspiration to the control over events and people is allocated, sometimes it is treated as private 218 Runyan W. M. Psychobiography and the Psychology of Science: Understanding Relations between the Life and Work of Individual Psychologists//Review of General Psychology. - 2006. - Vol. 10, - P. 147 - 162; Kachanov A.A.Biograficheskaja a component of the politiko-psychological analysis of the governor's case in modern Russia: the Autoref. dis. - M: Open Company "Firm-block", 2006. - 24 with.; Pfiffner J. P. The Modern Presidency. - N.Y.: Wadworth, 2010. - 304 p.;, etc. 219 Belinsky E. P, Tihomandritsky O.A.Sotsialnaja psychology of the person. - M: Aspect the Press, 2001. - 301 with.; Andreeva G.M.Psihologija of social knowledge. - M: Aspect the Press, 2004. - 288 with. 220 Sagittarius And. E. To a question on the human capital of presidency in Russia//Vestn. Mosk. Un y. - sulfurs. 12. It is watered. Sciences. - 2008. - ¹ 6. - with. 100; Sagittarius I.E.Yeltsin, Putin, Medvedev: influence of a motivational profile of the person on execution of a role of the president//Elite of Russia and Ukraine: features of formation and interaction / Under the editorship of I.A.Snezhkovoj. - M: the Inter-print, 2009. - With. 114 - 141; Sagittarius I.E.Politiko-psihologichesky the analysis of persons of presidents of the Russian Federation of B.N.Yeltsin, V.V. Putin and D.A.Medvedev: report Theses on a round table «the Political lead and problems of the person»//the Policy. - 2011. - ¹ 2. - with. 67 - 68; the Human capital of the Russian political elite: the Politiko-psychological analysis / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal, and. V.Seleznevoj. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - 342 with. Implication of motive of the power. Become classical A.Dzhordzha221, D.Uintera, M.Hermann's researches and them ñîàâòîðîâ222, applied to political actors results of studying of motivation of H.Mjurreja223, D.MakKlellanda, J. Atkinsona and them êîëëåã224, have convincingly proved, that motivational profiles of leaders of the countries, taped by means of the content analysis of their public rhetoric, correlate with those models of behaviour to which they follow in the political activity that proves to be true corresponding behavioural markers. The received results have allowed them to come to following generalisations. The motive of the power finds out intention to dominate, influence other people and the world as a whole. And it can be shown or as aspiration to achieve the influence and to confirm it, or as desire to get rid of necessity to submit to foreign forces, or as pavor of finding of such powers with which it is impossible to consult. The motive of achievement accompanies development of enterprise qualities, predilection to exact calculation, emotional restraint, reception of concrete results of activity. Thus it can be expressed or in aspiration to success, to definite purposes, or in a failure avoidance, in leaving from destructive situations. Motive affiliatsii which sometimes translate into Russian as motive of finding of "social support» or "favour" 225, 221 George A. Power as a Compensatory Value//Political Leadership / Ed. by B. Kellerman. - Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1986. - P. 70 - 92. 222 Winter D. G., Stewart A. J. Content Analysis as a Technique for Assessing Political Leaders//Psychological Examination of Political Leaders / Ed. by M. Hermann, T. Milburn - N. Y.: Free Press. - 1977. - P. 28 - 61; Winter D., Hermann M., Weintraub W., Walker S. The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance: Procedures, Portraits and Policy//Political Psychology. - 1991. - Vol. 12. - No. 2. - P. 215 - 244, 457 - 464. 223 Murray H. A. Explorations in Personality. - N.Y.: Oxford University Press USA, 2007. - 810 p. 224 McClelland D. C. Human Motivation. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - 1988. - 676 p.; McClelland D. C. Power Is The Great Motivation. - Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2008. - 70 p.; Atkinson J. W. Introduction to Motivation. - N.Y.: Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., 1978. - 405 p.; Kuhl J., Atkinson J. W. Motivation, Thought and Action. - Westport, CT: Greenwood Press and Praeger Publishers, 1986. - 250 p.; McClelland D. C., Atkinson J. W., Clark R. A., Lowell E. L. The Achievement Motive. - Whitefish, MT: Literary Licensing LLC, 2012. - 410 p. 225 Sm, e.g.: Hekhauzen H.Sotsialnye motives: affiliatsija and the power//Hekhauzen H.Motivatsija and activity: T. 1 / the Lane about a nem under the editorship of. V.Velichkovskogo. - M: pedagogics, 1986. - With. 290 - 292; Tihomandritsky O.A.Reguljatsija of social behaviour//Belinsky E. P, the Tihomandritsky Island And. Social psychology of the person. - M: Aspect the Press, 2001. - With. 129 - 132; Kuznetsova I.V. of the Characteristic is shown in aspiration to co-operate and establish symmetric friendly relations, to provide well-being of emotionally significant groups of people, to care of positive image in the opinion of the wide public and reception of its liking. However in the absence of acknowledgement of reciprocal friendliness, at open animosities, in the conditions of threat or stress in behaviour the negative cycle affiliatsii »226 in the form of aggressive protective reactions is quite often shown«. The important addition of the politiko-psychological theory of motivation is personologicheskaja the concept of motivational types of S.Schwarz and U.Bilski227 which treat motives as a substantial sign of values of the person subjectively perceived as realised purpose between which there are dynamic relations. These personologi insist, that consistent conformity have following pairs motives: The authorities and achievements, achievement and hedonism, hedonism and stimulation, stimulation and self-control, self-control and universalizma, universalizma and affiliatsii, affiliatsii and traditional character, traditional character and konformnosti, konformnosti and safety, safety and the authorities. In a context of studying of the presidential person S.Schwarz and U.Bilski's postulate is basic: compatibility of motives is proportional to their affinity to each other, and, on the contrary, the augmentation of a conditional distance between them leads to contradictions and even to intrapersonal conflicts. So, the opposite finding on a conditional scale of motive affiliatsii to motive of achievement, according to the given concept, leads affiliativnogo interactions as the factor of formation of relations//the Bulletin integrativnoj to psychology. - 2009. - Vyp. 7. - With. 97 - 98;, etc. 226 See, e.g.: Winter D. G., Carlson L. Using Motive Scores in the Psychobiographical Study of an Individual: The Case of Richard Nixon//Journal of Personal. and Soc. Psychol. - 1988. - Vol. 56. - P. 75 - 103; Winter D. G, Hermann M. G., Weintbraub W., Walker S. G. The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance: Procedures, Portraits and Policy//Political Psychology. - 1991. - Vol. 12. - No. 3. - P. 215 - 244; Winter D. G. Manual for Scoring Motive Imagery in Running Text: Version 4.2. - Ann Arbour: The University of Michigan Press, 1994. - P. 4 - 33;, etc. 227 Schwartz S. H., Bilsky W. Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-cultural Replications//Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - 1990. - Vol. 58. - P. 878 - 891. To a victory of one of motive over another. In turn, the neighbourhood of motive of achievement with motive of the power mutually strengthen each other. Behavioural korreljaty similar features of motivation have been taped even in classical experiments of J. Lansing and R.Hejnsa228, D.Fishmana229 and others. Obviously, therefore presidents with the motivational profile having a list towards motive of achievement are indifferent to affiliatsii. In turn, the developed motive affiliatsii can weaken considerably aspiration to achievements. Thus motives of the power and affiliatsii, being distantsirovannymi from each other, but not opposed, in a motivational profile balance among themselves. The essential factor influencing formation of a motivational profile, kognitivnoj sphere and political behaviour of the president the interrelation in such combined indicator, as degree of complexity of its JA-concept and self-rating level is. A.Adlera230's idea about indemnification of imagined or real defects of the person has received development in G.Lassuella231's publications which considered, that the person with the underestimated self-rating thirsts for the authorities as agents of its indemnification, aspiring to political influence, achievements, the control over other people. In turn, A.Dzhordzh232 has continued a line of reasonings, insisting that the self-rating injured at early age at the president urges on it to fierce struggle for the power, to constant search of acknowledgement in attachment and respect from associates. 228 Lansing J. B., Heyns R. W. Need Affiliation and Frequency of Four Types of Communication//Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. - 1959. - Vol. 58. - P. 365 - 372. 229 Fishman D. B. Need and Expectancy as Determinants of Affiliative Behavior in Small Groups//Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - 1966. - Vol. 4. - P. 155 - 164. 230 Adler A.Nauka to live / the Lane with English, a nem. - Kiev: Port-Royal, 1997. - 288 with. 231 Lasswell H. Psychopathology and Politics. - N.Y.: Viking Press, 1960. - P. 33 - 39; Lasswell H. Power and Personality. - Piscataway NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009. - 274 p. 232 George A. Power as a Compensatory Value//Political Leadership / Ed. by B. Kellerman. - Pittsburg: Univ. of Pittsburg Press, 1986. - P. 70 - 92. H.Schroder, M.Drajvera and S.Streferta233, R.Zillera, U.Stone, R.Jackson, N.Terbovika234, D.Offera and C.Strozaera235's researches, subsequently also J.Vertsbergera236, T.Prestona237 and other political psychologists have taped the big importance of complexity of the JA-concept of the president and level of its self-rating. This combined indicator influences a susceptibility of the leader to opinion of experts before acceptance of the important decisions, on quality of assimilation of the positive and negative information, on degree of its dependence on opinion of followers and opponents, on ability to correct the strategy and tactics taking into account a feedback. So, at acceptance of political decisions presidents with difficult I - the concept, as a rule, have the big information need. They are more attentive to arriving data, prefer regular data processing of the heuristic. In the conditions of an information overabundance such leaders solve problems better, than their less difficult colleagues. Unlike the last, they are seriously interested in reception of negative responses from others, that allows them to correct the political policy and to be mobilised in conditions quickly varying to medium. The easier the JA-concept at presidents, the below their sensitivity to the contextual information, is more aspiration to work with earlier established sets of belief with a view of their support, and also demonstration of closeness for the alternative points of view, disorientations in changeable medium. 233 Schroder H. M., Driver M. J., Streufert S. Human Information Processing: Individuals and Groups Functioning in Complex Social Situations. - Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. - 224 p. 234 Ziller R., Stone W., Jackson R., Terbovic N. Self-other Orientations and Political Behavior//Psychological Examination of Political Leaders / Ed. by M. Hermann, T. Milburn - N.Y.: Free Press. - 1977. - P. 176 - 204. 235 Offer D., Strozier Ch. Reflectiones on Leadership//The Leader / Ed. by D. Offer, Ch. Strozier. - N. Y.: Plenum Press, 1985. - P. 301 - 313. 236 Vertzberger Y I. Risk Taking and Decisionmaking: Foreign Military Intervention Decisions. - Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. - 544 p. 237 Preston T. Pandora's Trap: Presidential Decision Making and Blame Avoidance in Vietnam and Iraq. - N.Y.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2013. - 280 p. The major characteristic of the person of the head of the state correlating with its motivational profile, the operational code, and also the political values articulated in public rhetoric of the president is. N.Lejtes238, A.Dzhordzh239, O.Holsti240, S.Walker, M.Shafer, M.Jang241 and other researchers defined an operational code as rather steady system of perception, designing and representation of a political reality. According to their data, from belief (beliefs) in that, the sphere of its professional work is friendly or hostile, prospects of realisation of its expectations are optimistical or pessimistic, is supervised or succession of events is unpredictable, are global or be concrete owe the purposes, - reaction of the president to political calls, its choice of behavioural model depends. And the specified didymous categories are not mutually exclusive as their combination is frequent provides completeness and vsestoronnost estimations with the president of new or inconsistent situations, testifying about kognitivnoj complexities of decision-making, its multidimensionality I - concepts. The operational code is presented by two aspects, which it is accepted to name "philosophical" (diagnostic propensities) and "tool" (choice propensities) âîïðîñàìè242. Answers of the second component predetermine political tactics of the president, its predilection to a certain choice of actions in the course of the decision of specific targets. It is a variable with the changing value dependent from political 238 Leites N. C. The Operational Code of the Politburo. - Santa Monica CA: RAND Corporation, 2007. - 118 p. 239 George A. L. The “Operational Code” Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision Making//International Studies Quarterly. - 1968. - Vol. 13. - No. 1. - P. 190 - 222. 240 Holsty O R. The “Operational Code” Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: John Foster Dulles' Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs//Canadian Journal of Political Science. - 1970. - Vol. 3. - P. 123 - 155; Holsti O. R. Cognitive Process Approaches to Decision-making: Foreign Policy Actors Viewed Psychologically//American Behavioral Scientist. - 1976. - Vol XX. - P. 11 - 32. 241 Walker S. G., Schafer M. Young M. D. Operational Codes and Role Identities: Measuring and Modeling Jimmy Carter’s O erational Code//International tudies Quarterly. - 1998. - Vol. 42. - P. 173 - 188; Walker S. G., Schafer M. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson as Cultural Icons of U. S. Foreign Policy//Political Psychology. - 2007. - Vol. 28. - ¹ 6. - P. 747 - 776. 242 George A. L. The Causal Nexus between Cognitive Beliefs and Decision-making Behavior: The “Operational Code” Belief System//Psychological Models in International Politics / Ed. by L. Falkowski. - Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979. - P. 102 - 104. Conjuncture that is shown in complex researches operational êîäà243. However to the purposes of the given dissertation there corresponds only the first aspect - "philosophical" which taps the generalised, steadiest, strategic equipments of the leader. This unique implication of the person of the president which in one cases plays a motive power role, improving communications, and in others - becomes own «the information filter» heads of the state, allowing it to put original "diagnosis" of this or that situation. Therefore the given research continues a line domestic political ïñèõîëîãîâ244, being focused on philosophical questions of an operational code. According to M.Hermann245 and E.Shestopal246, along with ideologically neutral operational code, essential value for studying kognitivnogo a component of the person of the leader of the country has adherence of the president of democracy or àâòîðèòàðèçìó247. This factor is expressed in the ratio its political values having special value for internal and external ïîëèòèêè248 among which it is possible to allocate especially such dilemmas as "patriotism/cosmopolitism", "etatizm/antietatizm", «equality / individual freedom». And their formulation, 243 See E.g.: Schafer M. Issues in Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance: An Introduction to the Symposium//Political Psychology. - 2000. - Vol. 21. - No. 3. - P. 511 - 527; Gizzatov E.K.Sravnitelnyj the analysis of influence of crises on the person of J. Bush-ml. And V.V. Putin//Political psychology, culture and communications / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: RAPN; ROSSPEN, 2008. - with. 134 - 148;, etc. 244 Egorov E.V. of Game in tell-tales. Political psychology of presidents. - M: « Nikkolo M », 2003. - With. 81 - 82; Zorin V. A. Political psychology of Post-Soviet presidency. - Chelyabinsk: Izd - in CHeljab. gos. Un y, 2006. - With. 47 - 48; the Human capital of the Russian political elite: Politiko - the psychological analysis / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal, and. V.Seleznevoj. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - With. 64 - 66;, etc. 245 Hermann M. Handbook for Assessing Personal Characteristics and Foreign Policy Orientations of Political Leaders. - Columbus: Ohio State University, 1987. - 70 p. 246 Shestopal H. Vladimir Putin: Personality Profile and Public Image//ISPP: 25th Annual Scientific Meeting. - Hotel Intercontinental, Berlin, Germany. - 2002. - July 16 - 19. - an access Regimen: http://ispp.org/annual_meeting_archives/2002conf/berlinfinalprogram.htm (reference date: 10.03.2013). 247 Dontsov A. I, Stefanenko T.G. Social stereotypes...//Social psychology: Hrestomatija / Sost. E. P.Belinskaja, the Island And. The Tihomandritsky. - M: Aspect the Press, 2008. - With. 170 - 178; A.I.Ideologizm's Nightingales and etatizm. A reason dream//the Higher values of the Russian state: Materials of a scientific seminar. - Vyp. 6. - M: Nauch. The expert, 2010. - With. 95 - 102; Malinova O. JU. Ideological representations of elite groups//the Human capital of the Russian political elite: the Politiko-psychological analysis / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal, and. V.Seleznevoj. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - With. 42 - 56;, etc. 248 Tsygankov P. A. Universal values in world and foreign policy. - M: Publishing house Mosk. Un - that, 2012. - 223 with. Appearing in a context of a political discourse, always shades both semantic, and the pragmatical plan âåðáàëèçàöèè249. Therefore, for example, opposition of concept "cosmopolitism" in the analysis of rhetoric of the Russian presidents to treat as "patriotism", rather than as English loan "ethnocentrism" 250 or "nationalism" 251 as the last can associate with the estimated value narrowing interpretation more pertinently. Authoritarianism with political values accompanying it sets a vector to presidential decisions and can negatively affect not only an establishment of a rigid regimen of the power, but also on promotion legislative and even the constitutional initiatives that has a pernicious effect on sociopolitical atmosphere in a society. It is especially sensitive for the countries with power system where transition from totalitarianism to democracy is not finished. Though authoritarianism implications traditionally meet not only in the countries of Asia and Africa, but also in the USA and the states of Europe which are proud of achievements of democracy and are ready to export its model worldwide. As Would note. Àëòåìåéåð252, «psychologically right authoritarianism» is a set of representations at the authorities, expressed in creation of a rigid control system which can be both repressive system, and democratic. The presidents attached to the right authoritarianism, are less inclined to critical thinking, are ready to acceptance of inconsistent ideas without their estimation, perceive the world as a dangerous place. Besides, vysokoavtoritarnye leaders of the countries show persistence and sequence in search of proofs to deny idea to which they are not located. But they zealously protect approaches which are psychologically ready to accept. 249 Mikhalev O. L. A political discourse: Specificity manipuljativnogo influences. - M: Kn. The house "Librokom", 2009. - With. 78 - 82. 250 LeVine R. A., Campbell D. T., Brewer M. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior. - Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc., 1986. - 320 p. 251 Armstrong J. A. Nations before Nationalism. - Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. - 448 p. 252 Altemeyer B. The Authoritarian Specter. - Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. - P. 13 - 16. The given pattern shows influence of political values of the president on the international negotiations, on its mutual relations with the government and other branches of the power, on legislative initiatives of the head of the state, on a management style and the general atmosphere in the country. One more factor, allowing to explain and prognosticate implication of the person of the president which is reflected in style of execution by it of a role of the head of the state, is a type of a lead which develops of models of behaviour shown by the politician in the course of execution of this or that political role, verbal and interpersonal style, features of children's development that is in aggregate system has described G.Lassuell253. As is known, he has characterised three types of political leaders: the manager, the propagandist and the theorist. This axiomatic classification is used often by domestic researchers, analyzing a modern Russian political lead of a miscellaneous óðîâíÿ254. G.Lassuella's psychoanalytical roots and ways of data acquisition which it used, having got access to personal histories of the American politicians, usually remain thus behind treating frameworks. Further, for understanding and forecasting of efficiency of interaction of the head of the state with its environment and leaders of other countries the important characteristic is style of interpersonal relations of the president. L.Eteridzha255, G.Sheparda256's researches and their followers have shown, that it develops of a combination of two polar socially - psychological characteristics: ekstraversii/introversions and 253 Lasswell H. Political Systems, Styles and Personalities//Political Leadership in Industrialized Societies: Studies in Comparative Analysis / Ed. by L. Edinger. - N.Y.: Wiley, 1967. - P. 316 - 347. 254 See, e.g.: Zorin V. A. Models of a political lead of the Russian presidents//the Policy. - 2010. - ¹ 4. - with. 77 - 89; Seleznev And. V, Rogozar-Kolpakova I. I, Filistovich E. S, Trofimova V.V. Dobrynin E. P, Sagittarius I.E.Rossijskaja political elite: the analysis from the point of view of the concept of the human capital//the Policy. - 2010. - ¹ 4. - with. 90 - 106;, etc. 255 Etheredge L. Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898 - 1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory//American Political Science Review. - 1978. - Vol. 72. - P. 434 - 451. 256 Shepard G. Personality Effect on American Foreign Policy, 1969 - 1984: A Second Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory//Int. Stud. Quart. - 1988. - Vol XVIII. - P. 91 - 123. High/low level of domination. Conclusions of these scientists have been received as a result of the analysis of mutual relations of leaders of the USA from the USSR in 1980th In particular, has been noticed, that in the majority the American presidents had a high indicator on a domination scale, being declined in favour of application of force for the resolution of disputes with Soviet Union, rather than to use of disarmament and the international arbitration. Besides, presidents-introverts opposed rapprochements whereas extroverts as a whole supported cooperation and negotiations with the USSR though on a foreign policy of the United States it was imposed all taki a print of strategy of "hawks" as often they named political analysts in Soviet Union. We will notice, that style of interpersonal relations is closely bound to a motivational profile and boldly appears in a foreign policy of the president and in its military initiatives. Meanwhile, all set of the structural components of the person of the Russian leader set forth above can with sufficient accuracy describe the specific features of its presidency influencing execution by it of a political role. Hence, as notes E.B.Shestopal257, similar qualities of the leader of the country are formed at corresponding stages of development of its person, mainly, in the course of primary and political socialisation, i.e. Speech should go not only about structural, but also about dynamic aspects of the person. Therefore for understanding of patterns of implication of those or other features in style of presidency, it is necessary to involve agents from an arsenal of psychobiographers, adhering to a principle of treating of the biography of the politician and his career analysis according to istoriko - a political context that has entered E.Erikson258, having enriched the psychohistorical approach. 257 SHestopal. E.B.Politicheskaja psychology. - M: Aspect the Press, 2010. - With. 240 - 270. 258 Erikson E. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. - N.Y.: W. W. Norton and Company, 1993. - 288 p. It is interesting in this plan and the Neofreudian concept of an individualization of P.Blosa259 which paid special attention to group interaction and formation of the JA-concept in the course of teenage socialisation. Being based on its treatment of regress and nonconformism as natural signs of development of the person, it is possible to assume, that imitation charismatic idols, aspiration to a generality with a reference group of contemporaries at a strongly pronounced individualization - all it allows the future politician to develop own reference points, to build career, to find supporters, to compete to opponents, to find the place in imperious hierarchy, to increase lidersky potential. Among other approaches to studying of socialisation of leaders interest is represented by the concepts offered by adherents interaktsionizma. If ideas of such researchers, as C.Kuli260, J. Ìèä261, H.Abels262 and others to apply to a political context it becomes obvious, that essential conditions of formation of the effective leader is development of wide repertoire of political roles by it, ability to be guided both in cooperation, and in an antagonism - on collective norms of interaction, expectation of partners, supporters and competitors, and also development of plural identity, ability to define for itself an optimum configuration of the status and roles which is adequate to age, to position, a cultural-historical and situational context. However synthesising among different theoretical models the approach to political socialisation of J is represented. Barbera, stated in its classical work «Presidential character» 263. He considered, that individually-psychological lines of the future leader, with 259 Blos P.Psihoanaliz of teenage age / the Lane with English - M: In obshchegumanitar. issled., 2010. - 272 with. 260 Cooley Ch. H. Human Nature and the Social Order: Classic Reprint. - N.Y.: Forgotten Books, 2012. - 432 p. 261 Mead G. H. Essays in Social Psychology / Ed. by M. J. Deegan. - N.Y.: Transaction Publishers, 2010. - 244 p. 262 Abels H. Intera tion, Identit t, Pr sentation: Kleine Einf? hrung in Inter retative Theorien der Soziologie. - 4th ed. - Wiesbaden: V Verlag f? r ozialwissenschaften, 2007. - 208 p. 263 Barber J. D. Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. - 4th ed. - N.Y.: Pearson, 2008. - 544 p. A certain share of convention of an age periodization and allocation of personal structure, develop at different stages of its integration into society. So, features of emotional sphere, its fastness or lability, are formed at children's age. Outlook and set of political values - in adolescence. The individual style of presidency shown in rhetoric, interpersonal interaction and not public activity, - in days of a political youth, professional formation when it career launch prepares, independently gets out vital credo, standard model of successful business activity. Leaning against the concept of J. Barbera, in many respects reflecting specificity of the American presidency, at the same time, it is necessary to make the amendment on Russian politiko-culturesnyj and the situational context bringing in process of socialisation national colour. It is bound by that three Post-Soviet presidents of Russia represent different generations of political leaders, whose formation and formation was necessary on second half of XX-th century which have contained in prompt change of several epoch. As the uniting factor the political, social and economic instability compelling each of three Russian leaders repeatedly to pass political ðåñîöèàëèçàöèþ264 appears, developing ability to the accelerated internalization of new social experience and adaptation to a changeable political reality at active designing of the behavioural models answering to calls of time. In more details sredovoj the aspect will be surveyed in the third and fourth paragraph of the present chapter. 264 see: SHestopal E.B.Psihologichesky a profile of the Russian policy 1990: Theoretical and applied problems of political psychology. - M: ROSSPEN, 2000. - 431 with.; Images of the power in Post-Soviet Russia: the Politiko-psychological analysis / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: Aletejja, 2004. - 534 with.; images of the Russian power: From Yeltsin to Putin / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: ROSSPEN, 2008. - 416 with.; Psychology of political perception in modern Russia / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - 422 with. According to problems of the given work, spending distantnoe research of the person of the head of the state, it is expedient to survey both structural, and dynamic components in their interrelation, tracing a role of institutes, factors and agents of political socialisation of the future politician. Representing itself as sredovogo a context of formation of its person, they provide civil formation of the leader which affects subsequently its individual style of presidency. Thus, the analysis of the literature within the limits of the personal direction investigating a presidential lead, allows to draw a conclusion that execution of a political role of the higher official is influenced essentially by a certain set of individually-psychological qualities of the leader of the state. Presidency is determined by interaction of the person of the head of the state formed in the course of primary and political socialisation, with the medium shown in a concrete internal political and international context. Therefore in focus of research attention there are only those personal features which influence on political perception, search of the fatal decisions, shown behaviour and public rhetoric is represented to the most obvious. For the decision of the problems put in dissertational research, in an empirical part of work structural components of the person of each of three Russian presidents are studied, and also to survey dynamic aspect of their formation in the course of primary and political socialisation. Among the basic components are allocated: - the motivational profile presented by a parity of motives of the power, achievement and affiliatsii; - a combination of complexity of the JA-concept to self-rating level; - philosophical aspect of an operational code and political values; - the type of a lead developing of shown models of behaviour; - the style of interpersonal relations caused by predilection to an introversion or ekstraversii and predisposition to domination. And the specified features will allow to characterise not so much person B.N.Yeltsin, D.A.Medvedev or V.V. Putin, how many individually-psychological qualities shown by them during execution of a political role of the leader of the country. And it will allow to judge individuality implication in presidency of each of them.
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A source: Sagittarius Ilja Ernstovich. INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL FEATURES OF POLITICAL LEADERS ON EXECUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA. 2014

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