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the Role of the head of the state in a politiko-cultural and situational context and the basic typologies of presidency

the Role component of a presidential lead is dynamic aspect of the status of the head of the state. Traditionally it represents itself as a subject of politiko-psychological research when the problem is put to compare leaders of the country among themselves on style of functioning in a post, correlating data to this or that typology known íàóêå292.
The natural conclusion that along with dynamics of the political medium, essential influence renders the personal component defining execution of the given role can appear the important result of comparison, for example, three politicians working in the same post. Researchers of a presidential lead do not have unanimity not only in a choice of a theoretical paradigm, but also that initially: a played role of the head of the state or the person of the president who has defined it readiness for this role. There is while debatable a question on, whether there is a leader of the country only a projection of the high status, or, on the contrary, its bright individuality provides to execution of this role invariably high rating. In the given research it is necessary for us to try to answer this question, having analysed role characteristics of the leader of the country through treating of a politiko-cultural both situational context and the reference to the basic typologies of presidency. The role direction interprets presidency as a special kind of a political lead. Foreign àâòîðû293 survey it in a context of interaction of the higher person in the state with the colleagues and contenders, administration and experts, in the conditions of 292 SHestopal E.B.Politicheskaja psychology. - M: Aspect-press, 2010. - With. 326 - 327. 293 See: Binkley W. E. The Man in the White House: His Powers and Duties. - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. - 320 p.; Greenstein F I. The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. - 344 p.; Cottam M., Dietz-Uhler B., Mastors E., Preston T. The Study of Political Leaders//Introduction to Political Psychology / M. Cottam etc. - N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2010. - P. 101 - 130; Skowronek S. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal. - Kansas: University Press, 2011. - 224 p.; Bass B. M., Riggio R. E. Transformational Leadership. - N.Y.: Psychology Press, 2012. - 296 p.; Hollander E. Inclusive Leadership: The Essential Leader-Follower Relationship. - N.Y.: Routledge, 2012. - 296 p.; Keller J. W., Foster D. M. Presidential Leadership Style and the Political Use of Force//Political Psychology. - 2012. - Vol. 33. - No. 5. - P. 581 - 598; Coe K., Chenoweth S. Presidents as Priests: Toward a Typology of Christian Discourse in the American Presidency//Communication Theory. - 2013. - Vol. 23. - No. 4. - P. 375 - 394; Foley M. Political Leadership: Themes, Contexts and Critiques. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. - 398 p.; Sachs J. D. JFK and the Future of Global Leadership//International Affairs. - 2013. - Vol. 89. - No. 6. - P. 1379 - 1387; Cullinane M. P., Elliott C. Perspectives on Presidential Leadership An International View of the White House. - L.: Routledge, 2014. - 421 p.; Osgood K., White D. E. Winning While Losing: Civil Rights, The Conservative Movement and the Presidency from Nixon to Obama. - Gainesville FL: University Press of Florida, 2014. - 304 p.;, etc. the conclusions of alliances with representatives of other political forces. They give special attention to political medium in which the course declared by the leader during pre-election campaign and debate is realised. Actually, the given publications are entered in traditional treatments of a social role which can be found at followers symbolical èíòåðàêöèîíèçìà294, ñòðóêòóðàëèçìà295, socially-dramaturgic ïîäõîäà296. Modern domestic works role íàïðàâëåíèÿ297 are presented considerably by smaller quantity of publications, however on width of coverage of a problematics of a political lead they do not concede to foreign analogues. In particular, in them interaction of leaders and imperious elite, questions of their political efficiency, conformity to electoral expectations, various liderskie models and typologies in a retrospective show and comparison is consecrated. A hypothesis of dissertational research essential to check within the limits of a role direction the classical concept of interrelation personal and the political factors, put forward 294 Mead G is. H. A Reader / Ed by F. C. de Silva. - N.Y.: Routledge, 2012. - 368 p.; Strauss A. L. Mirrors and Masks: The Search for Identity. - N.Y.: Transaction Publishers, 1997. - 204 p.; Shibutani T. Social Processes: An Introduction to Sociology. - Bloomington, IN:, 2000. - 600 p.; Blumer H. George Herbert Mead and Human Conduct. - N.Y.: AltaMira Press, 2003. - 218 p.; Hughes E. Ch. The Sociological Eye: Selected Papers. - N.Y.: Transaction Publishers, 2008. - 616 p.; Becker H. P. German Youth: Bond or Free. - N.Y.: Routledge, 2013. - 300 p.;, etc. 295 Linton R. The Science of Man in the World Crisis. - N.Y.: Nabu Press, 2013. - 554 p.; Merton R. K., Barber E. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science. - Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. - 352 p.; Parsons T. The Social System. - New Orleans, Louisiana: Quid Pro, 2012. - 448 p.;, etc. 296 Goffman E. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. - N.Y.: Transaction Publishers, 2010. - 426 p.; Burke K. Essays Toward a Symbolic of Motives: 1950 - 1955 / Ed by W. H. Rueckert. - Anderson, SC: Parlor Press, 2006. - 340 p.;, etc. 297 See: Levansky V.A.Modeli political leaders and presidential elections in Post-Soviet Russia//Social studies and the present. - 2005. - ¹ 5. - with. 74 - 87; Sergeev V. S. A political lead in history of new and newest time: Sb. nauch. The item - Rostov: Publishing house Growth. gos. Un y, 2007. - 103 with.; L Hooters. D, Cudgels. V, Levada J.A.Problema "elite" in today's Russia. Reflexions over results of sociological research. - M: Fund «Liberal mission», 2007. - 372 with.; Bendas T.V. lead Psychology. - SPb.: Peter, 2009. - 448 with.; Konfisahor A.G. Psychology of the political power. - SPb.: Publishing house S.-Peterb. Un y, 2009. - 237 with.; SHtukina T.A.Fenomen of a political lead: Political lead as power implication. - M: Izd - in the Moscow State University, 2010. - 29 with.; Gaman-Golutvina O.V.Elity and a society in comparative measurement. - M: ROSSPEN, 2011. - 430 with.; Samsonov T, SHpuga E.Politichesky the leader during a globalisation epoch//the Person. Culture. A society. - 2012. - T. 14. - ¹ 71 - 72. - With. 144 - 151;, etc. M.B.Smitom298. He considered, that the political behaviour of the leader is caused by immediate medium of the political activity determined by a sociopolitical context, on the one hand, and the individual equipments, generated by medium in which there passed development of the person, with another. Also M.B.Smith insisted on indirect dependence between political behaviour and other variables, placing emphasis on a feedback which is responsible for maintenance of plasticity of personal and situational variables. The given concept convincingly proves, that between the president and a context of its activity there is an interrelation, and in that measure in which the person influences a role, anyhow, the role affects the person. Many domestic researchers adhere to similar positions also, whose ideas we will survey during the further analysis. Besides institutsionalnyh bases, among the major contextual components of a presidential role they allocate politiko - the cultural and situational features inherent in functioning of the higher authority in each concrete country. As konstitutsionno-legal borders of a presidential role were analyzed in the previous paragraph, here it is expedient to focus attention to the Russian politiko-cultural and situational context without which account the understanding of specificity of a role of the President of Russia would be not full. First of all, appreciable interest from this point of view is represented by statements of the Russian physiologist And. The Item Ïàâëîâà299 About the Russian political mentality. Among its features it allocated garrulity in the absence of concentration, decision-making at neglect to the validity facts, blind attachment to idea at ignoring of conditions of a real life, categoricalness 298 Smith M. B. A Map for the Analysis of Personality and Politics//Journal of Social Issues. - 1968. - Vol. 24. - P. 15 - 49. 299 Paul I.P. About Russian mind: Public lecture from 20.05.1918 (Petrograd, the Concert hall of Tenishevsky school) / Under the editorship of J.A.Vinogradova, V.O.Samoilov//Lit. Gas. - 1991. - 31 ijul. Political maxims at intolerance to heterodoxy, intuitive comprehension of true at refusal of its logic search, intellectual arrogance at confidence of own correctness. The above-stated historical characteristics of Russian political mind F. M.Burlatskij300 supplements with the changes which have occurred in 1980 - 1990th In connection with the next collision in public consciousness of three basic ideas - great-power Russian, nadetnicheskoj Euroasian and liberal European. There was «a bizarre combination» universal values, such as democracy, freedom, the market, with traditional social - the state, empire, equality, and also religious-determined - dogmatism, asceticism, intolerance. F. M.Burlatsky adds to them an inferiority complex going from comprehension of constant material and socially - political backlog from the advanced western people, sensations own tsivilizatsionnoj periferijnosti, and also painful envy to the succeeded fellow tribesmen and a centuries-old arbitrariness which transforms freedom into personal permissiveness, unlimited neither a society, nor laws. So sharp estimations he tries to soften with the hope bound to prospect of arrival to the Russian policy of new generation of leaders, formed now in the conditions of democratisation and expansion of close contacts to the modern world. In turn, the collective of researchers under the guidance of E.B.Shestopal301 notices, that for a politiko-cultural context of functioning of the higher authority in Russia is characteristic mifologizatsija an image of the power which was since olden days fixed in mass consciousness in an archetype of the strong and powerful governor, whose legitimacy is consecrated by religion, symbolising unity of the people and the state. Besides 300 Burlatsky F.M. Michael Gorbachev - Boris Yeltsin: Fight. - M: Meeting, 2008. - With. 25 - 29, 285 - 287. 301 Psychology of political perception in modern Russia / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - With. 15 - 21. Personification of the power in the name of the autocrat, other feature is estrangement of the people from realisation of the power, that usually associates with ruling estate, faceless bureaucracy which can be accused from time immemorial of oppressions of simple people, to deafness to their needs, immorality, irresponsibility, greed, distortion on places of will of a fair sovereign. Meanwhile, V.V. Êðàìíèê302 insisted, that the political elite contrary to all does not lose, but only strengthens the positions as, despite tranformatsionnye processes of 1990th, the deep psychocultural equipments of Russians, are hardy and invariable. Among them this author takes away a key place to self-reproducing political loyalty, a paternalism and etatizmu, to inquiry about authoritarianism of the power, base type of consciousness to which are inherent rigid kognitivnyj style with low integrativnoj complexity. Similar characteristics, according to V.V. Êðàìíèêà303, are inherent in various strata of society and political elite of Russia that does clear infinite patience at the first and deprived of a reflexion eksperimentatorsky reformism at the second. These features cement a society and insure it against total revolts and scale protests. neobjazatelnost a feedback and the reporting of the selected persons before their electorate, instability of the legislation and permanent reforming of the state institutes, dissociation of the people and the power at mass imperial derzhavnosti allocates among distinctive characteristics of the Russian politiko-cultural context of T.S.Samohina304. She notes a primordial priority of religiousness, pravdoiskatelstva and a collectivism over material assets, 302 Kramniks V.V. The Putin power: psychocultural dilemmas of the second investitury//Psychological aspects of political process in «the second Putin republic» / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: Aspect the Press, 2006. - with. 52 - 57. 303 Kramniks V.V. Yeltsin: a politiko-psychological profile//Political image: « Secrets »manipulations with mass consciousness / Under the editorship of D.P. Gavry. - SPb.: ANO« the Forge. The centre of development of societies. Communications », 2000. - With. 81 - 88. 304 Samokhins T.S.Effektivnoe business dialogue in contexts of different cultures and circumstances. - M: R.Valent, 2010. - With. 20 - 26. Everyday pragmatikoj and individualism. Specificity of interpretation of freedom at citizens of Russia of T.S.Samokhin sees not in democratic ideals and independence in decision-making and the actions inherent to representatives of the Western world, and in moral independence, creative search, emancipation of external obligations and any power. Patriotism"in Russian", in its opinion, is bound not to freedom, democracy, the constitutional and civil establishments, as, say, at Americans, and with love to Russia-mother, natural oofs and open spaces of the native earth, history of fatherland and its culture. To this logic adheres and And. D. Õëîïèí305, which considers, that in hierarchy of values of Russians of concept about love and trust prevail over morals and right principles, that in general is characteristic for religious attitude. People wait from political leaders of implication of interest, protection, care, and the main thing - love and fidelity. Therefore in the everyday activity it is necessary for governors to consider similar expectations of the population and to answer them, not to encounter alienation, indifference, contempt which are usually expressed in a tacit protest - a low appearance of voters on elections of all levels. The given features of a domestic politiko-cultural context are implanted in folklore where Orthodoxy foundations bizarrely intertwine with traditions jazychestva. In particular, I.K.Vladykina and With. N. Ïëåñîâñêèõ306 Address to sources of legal nihilism in Russia, analyzing mythology of Russian fairy tales where the figure of the father in the house, heads of the family, arhetipicheski personifying the law, or appears weak, dependent on the external circumstances, incapable to protect the family from oppressions, or is absent at all. However heroes, as a rule, children who have remained without 305 Hlopin A. D. A civil society or society of cliques: the Russian dilemma//politija. - 1997. - ¹ 1. - With. 7 - 27. 306 Vladykina I. K, Plesovsky S.N.Doverie to the political leader and characteristics of the Russian mentality//Psychological aspects of political process in «the second Putin republic» / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: Aspect the Press, 2006. - With. 92 - 93. Cares of parents, always gain the natural forces articulating moral bases of a life. They help orphans to overcome obstacles magic, instal belief, bring a pacification. Also there is a hope of wonderful disposal of injustice and lawlessness through sudden occurrence of the hero-athlete, strong and able to feel pity. Apathy to sphere of a policy at Russians is combined with readiness to trust such leaders who show gravity in a combination to optimism, cheerful nature in interaction with people, responsiveness, compassion and justice. As to modernist elements Russian politiko - a cultural context J.S.Pivovarov307 binds them to acceptance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, the democratic republic which has proclaimed Russia with the presidential board, actually was "vlastetsentrichnym" society type where the monarch is replaced with the elective The head of the state embodying a traditional archetype - the authorities of the father. As shows the carried out analysis, specificity of a domestic politiko-cultural context of presidency consists in higher authority personification in which the strong leader uniting to the nation, is compelled to struggle with inutile bureaucracy, and also in leadership of concepts going from religious traditions about justice, morals, obshchinnosti, spirituality over the law, democracy, individual freedom, rational pragmatikoj. It is possible to tell without exaggeration, that influence of a politiko-cultural context is characterised by high degree of fastness throughout long historical intervals of time for each country with the presidential or admixed form of board, and Russia is not an exception of the given rule. J.S.Russkaja's 307 brewers the power and historical types of its judgement//Russian politija on a boundary of centuries: By a decade of Fund «Russian political centre» / Under the editorship of And. M.Bunin, And. M.Salmina. - M: Ïîëèòåià, 2001. - with. 6 - 42; J.S.Russkaja's Brewers of the politician in its historical and cultural relations. - M: ROSSPEN, 2006. - With. 32 - 49. Meanwhile, the considerable role is played by a situational context which, in comparison with the previous aspect of a presidential role, represents the factor subject to constant changes. Even in U.Mishela308's works, the author of the kognitivno-affective theory social nauchenija, essential influence of a situation on shown behaviour when on the foreground there is immediately an individuality of the person has been taped, levelling influence of the generalised, typological properties of its person. U.Mishela's idea that in atypical situations people can behave less consistently, than from them expect, has received the development in politiko-psychological researches of presidency at A.Dzhordzha309, F.Grinstajna310, M.Dzh. Õåðìàíí311, T.Prestona312, Item T. Heart and it ñîàâòîðîâ313. In treatment of force of influence of a situation on execution of a role of the president and force of influence of its person on a formed political context these authors disperse in some nuances. But they show unanimity that the situational context sets a basis which taps features of interaction of the president with medium, giving to the leader of the country certain freedom of actions or framing certain obstacles. Differently, when the head of the state possesses the imperious powers corresponding to its status, and the internal political or international situation allows it to apply the power to influence on political process then influence of a personal component on execution of a role of the president takes place. 308 Mischel W. Personality and Assessment. - N.Y.: Psychology Press, 1996. - 384 p.; Mischel W., Shoda Y., Ayduk O. Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person. - N.Y.: John Wiley AND Sons, 2007. - 592 p. 309 George A. L. Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice. - N.Y.: Westview Press Inc., 1981. - 267 p. 310 Greenstein F I. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference and Conceptualization. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. - 246 p. 311 Hermann M. Assessing the Foreign Policy Role Orientations of Sub-Saharah African Leaders//Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis / Ed. by S. G. Walker. - Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980. - P. 161 - 198. 312 Preston T. The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisory Process in Foreign Affairs. - N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2001. - 355 p. 313 Hart P.’t. Groupthink in Government: A Study of Small Groups and Policy Failure. - Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. - 344 p.; Boin A., Hart P.’t, t rn E., Sundelius B. The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership Under Pressure. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. - 191 p. As to features of a situational context of the Russian presidency usually it is characterised from the point of view of a condition of political system: crisis or stable. In collective research of perception of the Russian power which is spent in shape longitjuda within two decades from the beginning of 1990th years under the guidance of E.B.Shestopal314, it has been shown, that at occurrence of crises both different levels of population, and government officials, and representatives of mass-media test kognitivnyj a discord, capable to lead fixing frustratsii, to a social distress. Overcoming of destructive consequences, as a rule, is accompanied political resotsializatsiej when traditional estimations of events and the leaders, acquired at early age, are exposed to revision and repeated interpreting, and efforts undertaken by the power on economic and public stabilisation are perceived by mass consciousness as ineffective or even âðåäîíîñíûå315. Thus, the situational context of the Russian presidency, in turn, affects activity of the politicians playing a role of leaders of the country to which should consider public opinion to Russia and a conjuncture on international scene, to correct plans, to reconsider positions and to find optimum decisions of arising problems. Meanwhile, the internal political and international context of functioning of the presidential power, despite all complexity and multidimensionality of its components, is the factor of medium. It is external stimulus for implication of personal features of the leader on the higher state post which or justifies its expectations concerning own possibilities and the political role, or forces to subject to their serious revaluation. 314 psychology of political perception in modern Russia / Under the editorship of E.B.Shestopal. - M: ROSSPEN, 2012. - With. 15 - 21. 315 Kondrashov S. N. On demolition of epoch. 1982 - 2006. Annals of the eyewitness. In 2 vol. - M: mezhdunar. Relations, 2007. - 592 with.; 616 with. In the course of the work the politician shows predilection to certain model of realisation of official powers, develops individual style of execution of the given role which can be described in characteristics of this or that type of a presidential lead. Therefore further it makes sense to address to the American typologies which are represented significant for the analysis of style features of execution by the head of the state of the political reserving, and to try to draw parallels with a context of the Russian presidency. Appreciable cultural urological potential E.Hargrouva316's typology which has opposed "reserved" leaders of the country "presidents-active workers" possesses. In a number of the works illustrated with examples from J. F.Kennedy to B.Obamy, it has in detail described two clashing concepts of presidency in political culture of the USA. One of them, the characterised E.Hargrouvom as the antitheory, is based on fear which is caused by the strong president enjoying by wide national support. This tradition prefers personal advantage and moral qualities of the politician, putting above its political talents, welcoming conscious restriction by the president of own power and own influence. « Constrained »presidents do not differ the expressed aspiration to the power, are focused 10 times, harmony and self-restriction; possess the abilities not specific to politicians; well are guided in accurately structured situations, allowing to trace and supervise alternative variants of development, but are lost in situations with indistinct structure; well understand"palpable"problems, but do not catch problems"intangible"; do not differ tactical talents, are not able« to skip at once on several horses »; sceptically concern necessity and utility of an intervention from above; 316 Hargrove E. C. Presidential Leadership: Personality and Political Style. - N.Y.: Macmillan, 1966. - 288 p.; Hargrove E. C. The President as Leader: Appealing to the Better Angels of Our Nature. - Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999. - 240 p.; Hargrove E. C. The Effective Presidency: Lessons on Leadership from John F. Kennedy to Barack Obama. - N.Y.: Paradigm, 2014. - 311 p. Operate in conditions, adverse for implication of their specific abilities. Other tradition described by E.Hargrouvom, appeals to the strong head of the state, counting on it as on a conductor of essential and popular reforms. For "presidents-active workers" the following is characteristic: their arrival to a policy is caused by aspiration to the personal power; this requirement stimulated development of possibilities to influence others; their specific abilities are shown in favorable conditions; their force develops into delicacy, their disadvantages are continuation of their advantages, those lines which provide with it success, become in due course the reason of their lesion. Typology E. Hargrouva, accurately entered in frameworks of political system and institutsionalnoj structures of presidency of the USA, nevertheless, highlights its basic differences from a politiko-cultural and situational context of execution of a role of the Russian leader. Originality S.Hajmana317's typology in which following three types of presidents are allocated differs: - truly political type which associates with image of the leader - of the patriot conducting armies on fight, its purpose - the decision of the problems exciting the nation, carrying out of wide transformations, and for its activity is important maintenance domination over the form; - legalistsky or the formal leader acting, first of all, as the head of the state, instead of as a conductor of any political line, especially, new; - the defending leader widely using the right "veto", being the opponent of any initiatives. The Historical and cultural and situational context of execution of a role of the President of the Russian Federation will actualise activity of the true politicians, therefore three Post-Soviet leaders of Russia, most likely, it is possible to carry to the first type. 317 Hyman S. The Art of the Presidency//The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science - 1956. - Vol. 307. - P. 1-9. Among liderskih typologies is widely known and often used. So, S.Barns318 characterised style of presidency by the nature of relations between the leader and its followers, describing three types of a lead: democratic, authoritative, manipulating. He noticed, that the success of mobilisation activity of the president of this or that type depends on degree of competence of its followers. Possibly, therefore three Post-Soviet presidents of Russia had to combine and in own way to combine different types of a lead. In turn, Ïåéäæ319 Allocated three types of presidents depending on their relation to social changes: the revolutionary aimed at the maximum transformations; the reformer, ready to go on moderate changes; the conservative who is guided by the minimum changes. Within the limits of this typology consecutive parallels with B.N.Yeltsin, D.A.Medvedev and V.V. presidency arise. Putin, accordingly. The contribution to lead typology has brought J. Áåðíñ320, having described three types of presidency, for each of which the specific understanding of essence and a role of the head of the state and tactics are characteristic. First, the model of the official, which priorities consist in controls and counterbalances, granting of the rights for minority, creation of the reasonable, moderate government. Secondly, model of the militant party leader, which priorities - in unity of political system, collective nature of the management, the oppositional status of minority at majority board. Thirdly, the model of a heroic lead, its basic priorities consist in the strong organisation against which the leader of the country leans, force use in case of need, in aspiration to disorganise opposition. We will notice what to draw analogies to developing Russian presidency difficult enough, as 318 Barnes S. Leadership Style and Political Competence//Political Leadership in Industrialized Societies: Studies in Comparative Analysis / Ed. by L. Edinger. - N.Y.: Wiley, 1967. - P. 59 - 83. 319 Paige G. The Scientific Study of Political Leadership. - N.Y.: Free Press. 1978. - 417 p. 320 Burns J. M Leadership. - N.Y.: Harper and Row Publishers, 2010. - 544 p. The described J. Burns lines are characteristic for predicted model of change of electoral cycles in the conditions of steady political system to which Russia while to carry would be premature. One of classical typologies is also the concept bridging individually-psychological features of the person with a political context, offered in J. Áàðáåðîì321. It is constructed on a principle of association of the characteristic of presidential activity with its self-rating. It has as a result turned out four types: is active-positive, aspiring to the rational control over a situation and neglect to irrational in the politician; is active-negative, inherent in compulsive persons with perfektsionistskim consciousness; passively - positive, putting own advantages it is low; passively - negative, allowing to involve itself in a policy only because sees in it the debt, but aspires as soon as possible «to leave game». Obviously, last two types of J. Barbera it is difficult enough to find out among modern heads of the states, and furthermore in Russia, as the unpredictable agenda and realities of the multipolar world rekrutirujut on the higher posts of politicians with an active vital position. Further, the psychological line can be continued the typology essential to understanding of style of perception of the information and acceptance of political decisions. It have offered R.Ziller, V.Stone, R.Jackson and N.Terbovik322. In a basis of their classification the parity of complexity of the JA-concept of the leaders treated as its degree differentsirovannosti on various aspects, and the level of their self-rating understood as result of comparison of with members of a reference group is necessary. These researchers have described four types: - the apolitical politicians possessing the difficult JA-concept and a high self-rating who quite often ignore social stimulus, not 321 Barber J. D. Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. - 4th ed. - N.Y.: Pearson, 2008. - 544 p. 322 Ziller R. C., Stone W. F., Jackson R. M., Terbovic N. J. Self-other Orientations and Political Behavior//Psychological Examination of Political Leaders / Ed. by M. Hermann, T. Milburn - N.Y.: Free Press. - 1977. - P. 176 - 204. Try to adapt to a situation, are equally indifferent to the negative and positive information; - the pragmatists, differing difficult JA-concepts and a low self-rating that forces them to react sensitively to set of various social stimulus to listen to public opinion and councils of experts, to change behavioural models with a leg for a feedback; - the ideologists characterised by low complexity of the JA-concept and a high self-rating who frequently ignore the opinions which are not coinciding with their point of view, show a rigidity in behaviour, perception of the world and an estimation of events; - Not determined politicians allocated with low complexity of the JA-concept and the underestimated self-rating that does their dependent on a political context, allows to react intensively only to some social stimulus accessible to their understanding. Last type, according to the given authors, practically does not meet at the American presidents. Among leaders of the USA which have succeeded in internal policy and on international scene, - "pragmatists", whose underestimated self-rating and mnogoaspektnost JA-concepts stimulated their personal growth and development of political career. Results of the analysis of the given aspect surveyed in a context of research of personal features of leaders of Russia, will be presented in the second chapter. In a basis of the following psychological typology described by M.Dzh. Õåðìàíí323, combinations of motive of the power and affiliatsii which parity unequally determines foreign policy behaviour of presidents are put. Depending on level of expression of these two motives it allocated three motivational types of presidents: - inclined to formirovaniju a personal enclave if motives of the power and affiliatsii are developed in comparable sizes when the president 323 Hermann M. Workbook for Developing Personality Profiles of Political Leaders from Content Analysis Data. - Columbus: Ohio State University, 1987. - 56 p. Establishes the control over an event, cultivating mutual blagoraspolozhenie with those who is subject to it and whom it is ready to protect from aggression of an external world and internal enemies; - the imperial type if the motive of the power is developed a little above motive affiliatsii when the politician becomes the president, submitting to interests of the state, party, ethnic or religious groups for the sake of which it finds the power and disposes of it, spreads command spirit, avoiding favoritizma, and high morals among the followers that provides to it unconditional support; - The type of the conquistador if the motive of the power is overestimated at the underestimated motive affiliatsii when the president possesses charisma, confirms the positions, resorting to a brute force, are considered only with interests of the state and ignore requirements of colleagues and all population, are inclined to use people, to establish and change rules under itself, that in the beginning provides with it success, and then leads to a distance of supporters and rating falling. Obviously, in the American history there were leaders of three motivational types. Certain lines of "conquistador" can be found out, perhaps, only in B.N.Yeltsin. Interesting from the point of view of psychobiographic research L.Stjuarta324's typology which has bound A.Adlera325's idea about subjective value of an order of a birth of the child in a family to a political context is represented. It has deduced correlation of the given factor with conditions of formation of the future leader and has described four types of political situations to which there correspond four types of leaders: - To the international crisis and external war - the first-born as since early years he has got used to dominate and successfully to interfere with affairs of others; 324 Stewart L. Birth Order and Political Leadership//A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders / Ed by M. Hermann, Th. Milburn - N.Y.: Free Press, 1977. - P. 206 - 236. 325 Adler A. What Life Should Mean to You. - Eastford, CT: Martino Fine Books, 2010. - P. 147 - 149. - to the civil world - the average child, since. It begins a life, submitting to seniors, but further dominates over younger and has the greatest experience of intermediary and adjustment of relations; - to crisis of social system and the internal civil conflict - the only child in a family at which experience is limited by contacts to the parents which favour with anybody to share has not got used; he feels confidently, only having appeared in the attention centre, and less than others suffers, having faced rivalry of those who is peer to it by position; - A social revolution - younger children because since early years and long time they are in position of dependence, relative powerlessness and develop in themselves acute discontent with any power; they leave leaders of revolutions. It is necessary to notice, that years of functioning of the Russian presidency have been oversaturated by internal and international crises, local confrontations, social, political and economic instability, and B.N.Yeltsin - the first-born, and V.V. Putin and D.A.Medvedev - unique children in the families. L.Stewart's this typology is important immediately for research of biographies of presidents for the purpose of revealing of features of their primary and political socialisation. At the same time, it is necessary to make the amendment on the factor of medium on what insist T.Ferland, T.Korsvik and K. Êðèñòîôåðñåí326 - the Norwegian authors who have introduced certain corrective amendments in the given concept. So, in formation of the politician of the fourth type, usually becoming the initiator of revolutionary changes in a society, except a birth serial number in a family, the essential role is played by such agent of political socialisation, as a family: he is inspired appreciably by rebellious views of parents. 326 F? rland T. E., Korsvik T. R., Christophersen K.-A. Brought Up to Rebel in the Sixties: Birth Order Irrelevant, Parental Worldview Decisive//Political Psychology. - 2012. - Vol. 33. - No. 6. - P. 825 - 838. Meanwhile, for check of a dissertational hypothesis G.Lassuella327's concept in which frameworks the type of a lead developing of models shown by politicians of behaviour is surveyed approaches. He has characterised three types of political leaders. First, compulsive type or the manager - rigid, aspiring to the accurate and strict organisation of actions, an example - the bureaucrat. Secondly, the dramatizing type or the propagandist - able to cause the emotional response in followers and to find support there where it is not necessary to count on automatic obedience, for example, during revolution or war. Thirdly, the impartial type or the theorist - is capable to weaken intensity of tested experiences, from such people good judges, arbitrators, diplomats turn out. In the conditions of the Russian political reality the manager can be the most successful only. Certain lines of the propagandist are claimed only in pre-election struggle. In turn, the politician with the expressed properties of the theorist is doomed in Russia to prompt loss of authority and loss of imperious powers as happens with the President of the USSR M.S.Gorbachev, the author of some the books, most known of which have appeared multipage reasonings on reorganisation and «new thinking» 328. Not less significant L.Eteridzha329's typology, is represented also Øåïàðäà330 And their followers. It is important for understanding and forecasting of efficiency of interaction of the head of the state with its environment and leaders of other countries. Characteristics of style of interpersonal relations are put in a basis of the given typology of presidents, 327 Lasswell H. Political Systems, Styles and Personalities//Political Leadership in Industrialized Societies: Studies in Comparative Analysis / Ed. by L. Edinger. - N.Y.: Wiley, 1967. - P. 316 - 347. 328 Gorbachev M. S. Reorganisation and new thinking for our country and for all world. - M: politizdat, 1987. - 270 with.; Gorbachev M. S. Perestroika New Thinking for Our Country and the World. - N.Y.: Harpercollins Publishing, 1987. - 255 p. 329 Etheredge L. Personality effects on American foreign policy, 1898 - 1968: A test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory//American Political Science Review. - 1978. - Vol. 72. - P. 434 - 451. 330 Shepard G. Personality effect on American foreign policy, 1969 - 1984: A second test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory//Int. Stud. Quart. - 1988. - Vol XVIII. - P. 91 - 123. Which is bound to predilection to an introversion or ekstraversii, and also aspiration to domination. As it was already spoken, style of interpersonal relations of the president is bound to its motivational profile and boldly appears in a foreign policy and in military sphere. So, introverts with high level of domination usually try to reconstruct system of the international relations and frame with the countries - allies military-political blocks. Introverts with low level of domination aspire to keep rasklad the forces, developed on a world scene, in an invariable kind, lean not against the human capital, and on laws, principles, institutes. In turn, extroverts with high level of domination, as a rule, wish to be in the lead at global political level, trying to organise all powers in the ordered system with horizontal communications between its parts. Extroverts with low level of domination do not put before themselves aim to achieve a world recognition of their lead, but accurately and consistently realise the international initiatives, involving not only the allies, but also leaders of the countries-opponents. Obviously, among Post-Soviet presidents of Russia hardly probable there will be introverts with low level of domination as the given type in the conditions of a domestic situational and historical and cultural context it is simple cannot neither come to the higher authority in the state, nor keep it, affirm on international scene as the independent leader of the country. As a result, it is possible to conclude, that comparison of the listed approaches can tap many hints with presidency in Ðîññèè331 though they consider the American specificity and consequently more all approaches for the USA. Among the Russian concepts the typology of domestic leaders-reformers of the XX-th century, offered F is allocated. M.Burlatskim332. This author classified politicians on the purposes and methods of transformations, 331 Ovchinnikova O.G.Putin, Blair, Bush: Biographies and analogies. - M: Velbi; the Prospectus, 2004. - 285 with. 332 Burlatsky F.M. Michael Gorbachev - Boris Yeltsin: Fight. - M: Meeting, 2008. - C. 288 - 289. To the social orientation, an established political regimen, the general culture and personal features. With a certain share of convention it has allocated five types and named their representatives: the revolutionary - V.I.Lenin, the dictator - And. V.Stalin, tiranoborets - N.S.Khruschev, the conservative - L.I.Brezhnev, the statesman - JU. Century Antropov, the liberal - M.S.Gorbachev, demokrator - B.N.Yeltsin combining carrying out of democratic reforms with personal dictatorship. At all originality of approach F. M.Burlatskogo should be noted its disadvantage bound to incompleteness of the politiko-psychological analysis, passing places that in memoirs in publicism as the given typology has been dated by the middle of 1990th So, the carried out analysis of role characteristics of the leader of the country and the basic typologies of presidency allows to judge a variety of conceptual approaches and style classifications. At obvious disorder of opinions and estimations the majority of authors of a role direction converge that presidency is a special kind of a political lead. Its specificity consists that between the leader and its followers there is a communication which is mediated by laws, the apparatus of officials, organs of protection of the law and order, judicial instances, and also mass-media. Thus, efficiency of execution of a role of the president in the opinion of voters directly depends on its ability to integrate expectation, embodying them with individual style inherent in it. And this role represents a resultant of dynamic interaction of personal features of the head of the state with a politiko-cultural and situational context in which it realises the course. CONCLUSIONS In chapter 1 for the purpose of all-round treating politiko - psychological aspects of studying of the person of the president have been presented the state-of-the-art review of teoretiko-methodological approaches to research of a presidential lead, the person of the leader of the country, institute of presidency, typologies and a role of the head of the state. The chosen logic of forming of the teoretiko-methodological base of dissertational research has prompted consecutive treating of domestic and foreign publications on phenomenology of the presidency, structurally broken on three blocks: 1) a personal direction which surveys presidency as implication of public activity of the person on the higher post of the state, showing an individual set of psychological characteristics which are formed in dynamics of socialisation and process of political activity; 2) a konstitutsionno-legal direction in which frameworks presidency is treated as democratic institute in the government system, representing it internal political and a foreign policy in a retrospective show and at the present stage, and also in a context of electoral cycles; 3) a role direction for which presidency is a special kind of a political lead with specific functions inherent in it, typologies, the style characteristics shown in a certain politiko-cultural and situational context. The received results of the teoretiko-methodological analysis allow to build the conceptual base of research of the person of the president of Russia, institutsionalnoj mediums and their interactions in the form of a resultant - style of execution of a political role. Thus, during a material statement following problems of dissertational research are solved: - leaders teoretiko - methodological approaches to studying of a presidential lead are generalised and classified; - are taped institutsionalnye features of presidency to Russia and role characteristics of the President of the Russian Federation; - the basic theoretical and methodological approaches to studying of the person of the president are analysed, and the concept of research of a personal component of the Russian presidency is formulated. The account of dynamic unity of three aspects of the presidency presented by the person, context and the role expressing individual typological style, is the main condition of forming of the methodological concept with which help the put forward hypotheses are verified.
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A source: Sagittarius Ilja Ernstovich. INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL FEATURES OF POLITICAL LEADERS ON EXECUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA. 2014

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