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INTRODUCTION

the Urgency of a theme of research is caused by necessity of judgement of problems of the political socialisation connected with change of political, social and economic bases of a society and crisis situations in various spheres of a life of society, arisen during democratic reforms in Russia.

Stable functioning of political system of a society, preservation of integrity of a social organism assumes constant reproduction and development of political culture which is carried out through development and acceptance by people of its norms, values and models of political behaviour. Thereupon consideration of problems of political socialisation of the person in which course these processes are carried out, is rather actual.

In the conditions of a crisis, transitive condition of a society, at change of types of political culture there are serious problems of preservation and transfer of political experience, continuity of political institutes, norms and values. In the country where systems have simultaneously changed both political, and economic, there was an ideological vacuum, base values have undergone to deep revision, the role and value of the political socialisation the new political culture of the population should be which result increases.

The problem transformatsionnogo political process in Russia consists not only in the ideological contradictions outgrowing sometimes in fierce political conflicts, more important are changes occurring to valuable consciousness of Russians. There was a situation when generated earlier standard order has started to lose promptly the importance in the opinion of all Russians: for one — because was a totalitarianism embodiment, for others — because it has appeared incapable to resist to accruing instability. The mass consciousness did not accept an old standard order, and valuable split led to that in a society there were competing representations about its new shape. The offer which has sounded not so long ago on development of unifying all-Russian ideology is not that other as the realised or intuitive aspiration to overcome valuable split of mass consciousness and to provide functioning such important sotsietalnogo the mechanism as political socialisation.

Transfer of political values, installations and behaviour models is carried out by means of influence on the individual of factors of socialisation, and at change, transformations of political system change also agents of political socialisation. Their influence on the person in the conditions of society transformation is studied not enough.

Degree of a scientific readiness of a problem. Studying of problems of socialisation visually illustrates interrelation of researches in which centre there is a person and its relations with society.

The importance of process of political socialisation of the person and social group in a society life has been empirically realised in an extreme antiquity, knowledge of its laws allowed to form with success steady public structures, both military democracy, and the first state formations. However, thus, a subject of public discussion and a philosophical discourse the problem of political socialisation becomes within the limits of democracy of Greece and Rome. It is reflected in works Demokrita, Socrat, Platon, Aristotle.

Ideas of full submission of individuals them to the created state T.Gobbsa and J. Lock have in many respects anticipated growth of scientific interest to a problem of political socialisation of the person, even more staticized after bourgeois revolution in France of 1789.

In a context of a problem of political socialisation I.Kanta's concept about an autonomy of will of the person, and also idea of identity of reasonable and valid G.Gegel in the politician can be considered.
The problem of political socialisation is a subject of constant scientific interest of K.Marx and F.Engelsa during later period.

Methodologically significant positions about socialisation of the person have been put in pawn in M.Vebera, G.Markuze, A.Maslou, T.Parsons, P.A.Sorokin, A.Tojnbi, A.Tofflera, J.Habermasa, E.Ericson, K.Jaspersa's concepts and other 1

The term «political socialisation» has been entered for the first time into 1959 by the American scientific G.Hajmenom and further has received a wide circulation in the scientific theory and practice.

Foreign researches of problems of political socialisation have actively begun in the late fifties and are presented in F.Grinstejna, R.Gess's works and J. Torneja, D.Istona and J. Denis, G.Almonda, S.Verby, R.Zige-lja, P.Sharana, etc.

See: veber M. the Selected works. An image of a society. - M, 1994; Markuze G.Odnomernyj the person. - M, 1994; Maslou A.Dalnie of human nature achievement. - M, 1996; Parsons T.Sistema of co-ordinates of action and the general theory of systems of action: culture, the person and a place of social systems//the American sociological thought. - M, 1996; Parsons T.Ponjatie of a society: components and their mutual relations//the American sociological thought. - M, 1996; Sorokin P. A. Sotsiokulturnaja dynamics and evoljutsionizm//the American sociological thought. - M, 1996; Toynbee A.Dzh. History comprehension. - M, 1991; Toffler A. Futuroshok. - SPb., 1997; Habermas J.Demokratija. Reason. Morals: It is Moscow. Lectures and interview. - M, 1995; Ericson E.Identichnost: a youth and crisis. - m. 1996; Jaspers K.Smysl and history appointment. - M, 1991, etc. 2См.: Hyman H. Political Socialization. - N.Y., 1959.

3 See: Grenstein F. A note on the ambiguity of political socialisation: definitions, criticism and strategies of inquiry//The civil culture revisited. Ed. Almond and Verba, Boston, 1980; Grenstein F. Children and politics. - New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965; Hess R.D., Tor-ney J.V. The Development of political attitudes in children. - Chicago, 1967; Easton D., Dennis J. Children and the political system. - N.Y., 1969.

4См.: Lasswel H. Political Socialization as a Policy Science//Hend-book of Political Socialization. - N.Y., 1968.

Within the limits of positivistic treatments of the person there was a concept of political socialisation of C.Merriama and G.Lassuela.4 One of representatives political biheviorizma J.K.Melvilem, has been entered into philosophy and the theme which has constituted one of discriminating lines of a science of the XX-th century is in details developed and was rather significant problem for research of political socialisation — a theme human деятельности1.

Other concept which generated under strong influence of positivistic ideas and has affected development of representations about political socialisation, the structural functionalism is. The founder of a structural functionalism to T.Parsons posesses idea of creation of the uniform theory of human action. Within the limits of the given direction R.Daus's English political scientists and J. Hughes have developed the theory social on-rjadka.2

Working out of problems of political socialisation in Soviet obshchest-voznanii was under construction on methodological bases of Marxism and the critic of bourgeois concepts. The special place within the limits of Marxist tradition of research of processes of socialisation was given to dialectics of objective and subjective factors of this process. The most significant positions which have kept an urgency till today contain in A.V.Dmitriev, JA.I.Glinsky, L.M.Snezhko, A.A.Fedoseyev, S.I.Tchernyshov's works.

See: Bourgeois philosophy of the XX-th century. - M, 1974. - С.73.

2 See: Dowse R.E. Hughes J.A. Political Sociology. L., 1983. - P.39.

3 See: Fedoseyev A.A. A policy as object of sociological thinking. - L, 1974.; Kej-zerov N.M.political and legal culture. - M, 1983.; Dmitriev A.V.political sociology of the USA. - L, 1971.; Dmitriev A.V., Shirjaev B.A., Fedoseyev A.A.problem of socialisation in the American political science / the Person and a society. A problem of socialisation of the individual. - Vyp. 9. - L, 1971; Snezhko L.M.dialectics of objective conditions and the subjective factor in the course of socialisation of the person. The author's abstract k.f.n. - Kiev, 1971; Gilinsky JA.I.stage of socialisation of the individual / the Person and a society: problems of socialisation of the individual. - L, 1971; Tchernyshov S.I.political socialisation of the person in a context of a modern political science. - M, 1991.

4См.: Spasibenko Of this year Road dlinoju during a life: socialisation of adults//Is social-humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. - № 6. - С.83 - 103.; Spasibenko Of this year Socialization of students in the course of sociology studying//Is social-humanitarian knowledge. - 2001. - № 1.-With. 127 - 145. Spasibenko Of this year Socialization of the person//Is social-humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. - № 5.

The modern domestic tradition of studying of problems of political socialisation, its institutes and mechanisms is logic continuation of the best operating time of the Soviet and foreign scientists. The basic idea of workings out With. G.Spasibenko4 is the age approach and that fact, that political socialisation process continuous, proceeding all life. The important place in domestic political science Island researches In Amosenko occupy, I.I.Evdakumovoj, O.S.Korshunovoj, N.G.Lola, I.V. Samaras-kinoj, V.M.Homjakova, E.B.Shestopal.1

Within the limits of consideration of ethnic identity as factor of political socialisation in a transformed Russian society the major aspect definition of dynamic characteristics of identity, their dependence on the social control. In L.D.Gudkova, L.M.Dro-bizhevoj, G.U.Soldatovoj, V.V. Koroteevoj's works problems of "identity crisis», feature of social mobility in ethnic groups, a problem of their participation in the power are analyzed, ethnocultural values and social orientations in the conditions of social and economic трансформации.2 Communication of a problem of ethnic identity with a political problem of a state system is considered in works of River G Abdulatipova, V.V. Amelin, M.A.Astvatsaturovoj, A.L.Strizoe, V.A.Tishkov, Z.T.Toshchenko.

See: SHestopal E.B. The person and a policy: the Critical sketch of modern western concepts of political socialisation. - M, 1988. - 203 with., SHestopal E.B.political psychology. - Rostov on Don, 1996, SHestopal E.B.psychological a profile of the Russian policy 1990. Theoretical and applied problems of political psychology. - M, 2000; Amosenko O.V.Stili of behaviour of teenagers in the course of political socialisation. The author's abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of pedagogical sciences. - S-pb., 1995; Evdakumova I.I.Politicheskaja socialisation of the person as a category of a political science. The dissertation author's abstract on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of political sciences. - M, 2003; Korshunova O. S. Political socialisation of teenagers and ways its Author's abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of philosophical sciences. - L, 1987; V.M.Politicheskaja's Hamsters socialisation of students at the present stage of the Russian society. The author's abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of sociological sciences. - Saratov, 1994.

See: L.D.Negativnaja's Hooters identity. Articles 1997-2002 years. - M, 2004;. Dro-bizheva L. M the Social and cultural distance. Experience of multinational Russia / Institute etnologii and anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2 izd. - M, 2000, the Social inequality of ethnic groups: representation and a reality / Under the editorship of L.M. of Drobizhevoj. Th., 2002. 3См.: Abdulatipov R.G.Federologija. Spb., 2004; Amkelin V.V., Vinogradova E.Etnicheskie processes in boundary regions of Russia//the Life natsionalnostej.-1998.y № 3-4; Strizoe A.L.Politika and a society: is social-philosophical aspects of interaction.-Volgograd, 1999; Toshchenko Z.T.etnokratija: History and the present. Sociological

Ocherki. the., 2003.

For dissertational research essential value researches of regional features of political socialisation in conditions polietnichnogo had spaces opened in works of such scientists of the South of Russia as S.A.Abdokov, V.A.Avksentev, JU.G.wol, A.M.Yerokhin, B.D.Ivannikov, S.JU.Ivanov, V.I.Kashirin, L.V.Konovalova, N.P.Medvedev, V.S.Nahushev, O.S.Novikova, A.V.Pankratov, V.V. Sergeev.1

Separate aspects of change in the Russian society (institutsionalnye family and education system transformations, occurrence in a global information field) and their influence on occurrence of new model of socialisation are shined in L.G.Borisovoj, V.V. Gavriljuk, I.A.Kovalevoj, A.A.Nemtsov, Z.K.Selivanovoj's works, S.I Sergejchik, E.L.Omelchenko. 2

At the same time, practically are not allocated in a separate object of research of a problem of mechanisms of political socialisation and change of influence of its institutes in the conditions of transformation of a modern society.

All it confirms an urgency of a choice of a theme of dissertational research and has defined statement of its object, a subject, the purpose, problems, logic and structure of a statement of its results.

See: Abdokov S.A.formation of political culture of youth in conditions poliet-nichnogo region//Classical university as the centre of social and cultural development in polietnichnom region: the Collection of scientific articles. - Moscow - Stavropol: Publishing house SGU, 2003; Volkov J.G., Polikarpov V. S. The multidimensional world of the modern person. TH.: the Century, 1998; Yerokhin A.M.ethnopolitical aspects of transformation of the Russian society. - M, 2003; Ivannikov B.D., Pankratov A.V., Sergeys V.V. Lichnost in political sphere: socialisation in a context of problems of safety of a modern Russian society. - Stavropol, 2003; Konovalova L.V.feature of socialisation in multinational region//Classical university as the centre of social and cultural development in polietnichnom region: the Collection of scientific articles. - Moscow - Stavropol: Izd -

2во SGU, 2003.

2 See: Borisov L.G. The teenager in business: socialisation or deviation?//Sotsis. — № 9.2001; Bagdasarjan N. G, Nemtsov And. A, Kansuzjan L.V.Poslevuzovsky of expectation of student's youth//Sotsis. - 2003. № 6; Gavriljuk V.V., Trikoz N.A.dynamics of valuable orientations in social transformation (pokolennyj the approach)//Sotsis. - 2002. - № 1; Kovaleva I.A.concept of youth socialisation: norms, deviations, sotsializa-tsionnaja a trajectory//Sotsis. - 2003. № 1; Selivanov Z.K.Smyslozhiznennye of orientation of teenagers.//Sotsis. - 2001. № 2; Sergejchik S.I.Faktory of civil socialisation of studying youth//Социс.-2002.-№ 5; Omelchenko E.L. Heroes of our time. Sociological sketches. - Ulyanovsk, 2000.

Object of research is political razvitee persons.

As object of research act intrinsic and institutsionalnye aspects of political socialisation as a component of political development of the person.

Research objective - to reveal features of political socialisation in the conditions of a modern Russian society.

Purpose achievement was carried out to means of the decision of following problems:

• on the basis of studying of theories of socialisation of the person to define conceptual directions of research of political socialisation;

• to define essence of a phenomenon of political socialisation, eksplitsirovav the basic components of this process;

• to consider factors of political socialisation and to open features influence of ethnic identity as one of socialisation factors;

• to open a socialisation role as institutsionalnogo process, to analyse its base elements and their specific features at each age stage political development of the person;

• to establish mechanisms of political socialisation of the person and to carry out their classification;

• to carry out the comparative analysis of process of political socialisation in various societies and to define the specificity of political socialisation peculiar for modern Russia.

Teoretiko-methodological basis of dissertational research concretenesses of research, unity of the theory and practice, principles of a social determinism and a historicism constitute, first of all, obshchefilosofskie principles sistemnosti, vsestoronnosti; works of researchers in the field of a political science, social philosophy, anthropology, sociology and the psychology devoted to problems of the general and political socialisation.

Dissertational research is constructed on the most significant conceptual directions of research of political socialisation: a structural functionalism and symbolical interaktsionizme.

As the basic methods in work the concept of "submission" of C.Merriama, G.Lassuela, the theory of the conflict of M.Vebera, G.Moska, F.Parkina, U.Guda, P.Blau, the concept of "political support» D.Istona, J are applied. Denis, the theory of pluralism of R.Dalja, V.Horta and the theory of hegemony of R.Milibenda, R.Dausona, K.Previtta.

Scientific novelty of research consists in the following:

• the heuristic and methodological role of some conceptual directions (political biheviorizma, a structural functionalism, symbolical interaktsionizma) and approaches (institutsionalnogo, behavioural, pokolennogo) in research of process of political socialisation is opened;

• the concept «political socialisation» is specified and indicators of political socialisation of the person are defined: an inclusiveness of the person during a political life, participation in political associations and the organisations, the relation to the political power and its representatives;

• dependence between political socialisation and ethnic identity of the person is revealed and is proved, that ethnic identity in modern Russian conditions becomes the significant factor of political socialisation;

• the socialisation role as institutsionalnogo process is shown, its base elements and their specific features at each age stage of ability to live of the person are analysed;

• classification of mechanisms of political socialisation is specified;

• the comparative analysis of models of socialisation in political systems of Russia and foreign countries is carried out and features of political socialisation in the conditions of transformation of public relations are opened.

The positions which are taken out on protection:

1. From the most significant conceptual directions of research of political socialisation it is possible to allocate:

• political biheviorizm, considering political socialisation as active reaction of the person to compensations or the losses (stimulus) arising at interaction of the person with other participants of political process;

• a structural functionalism which investigates political socialisation as process of numerous interactions of the people, determined by rather steady and stable elements of political system;

• symbolical interaktsionizm according to which political socialisation is indeterminirovannyj process of mastering of social roles as the social symbols characterised by dynamism of senses put in them, that influences change of the objective environment of socialisation;

• classical frejdizm, defining political socialisation as socially controllable process of mastering of imperative political norms and the ideological installations limiting, "paring down" a human nature.

2. Any political system cannot reach sufficient level of political stability and ideological integration if it will not manage to develop at the members of the determinate sum of the political knowledge standard in a society, values, installations, i.e. to carry out on - liticheskuju socialisation. Thereupon political socialisation is difficult and raznonapravlennyj (and socially supervised, and elements - nyj) process of active mastering by the person ideological and politiche - skogo the experience which has been saved up by a society and concentrated in carry - telno steady political traditions and values, and also in the norms of role behaviour having the symbolical political maintenance, on purpose not only preservations, reproduction, but also change of existing political system.

3. One of significant factors of political socialisation in the modern Russian conditions characterised by ethnopolitical instability, is ethnic identity. It not only provides comprehension by the person of the accessory to a certain ethnic generality, but also defines the sociopolitical installations forming ethnopolitical shape of the person, the relation (liking or antipathies) to political, including to the government and its representatives, the "civilisation" specifying in an accessory to certain ethnonational etatistskoj to a generality.

4. Political socialisation can be presented as institutsionalnyj process, t.e.protsess formations of various types of sociopolitical and ideological activity as social institutes, i.e. systems of specially created or naturally developed persons, establishments or the organisations which functioning is directed on political development of the person, first of all by formation and education. A certain stage of political socialisation the leading part is played by certain institutes:



• at an early stage of socialisation the institutes providing initial development of political installations, properties, values of the person (love to the Native land, love to the Paternal house, etc.) function;

• at a detsko-youthful stage of socialisation the institutes which are engaged in political training through distribution of political knowledge and involving in some kinds of political activity operate;

• at stages of socialisation of adult people institutes (parties, the political organisations and associations, mass-media, etc.), defining their political maturity and activity function.

5. At the present stage of development of a society as the basic mechanisms of political socialisation act:

• behavioural (operantnoe training, support, training)

• psychological (imitation and identification);

• sotsietalnye (adaptation, integration);

• remedial (interpretation, interaktsija, "balance", self-checking).

6. Features of process of political socialisation in the conditions of a transformed Russian society consist in strengthening sti - hijnyh factors of political socialisation; transformations of the institutes participating in political socialisation; in role increase samoregu - ljatsii and self-checking in the course of political socialisation, in raznoobra - zii political norms and the ideological values, forming containing - nie political socialisation.

The theoretical importance of research is defined by that a number of positions and dissertation conclusions allow to specify politological paradigms, the conceptual device of a political science; allow to generate complete representation about political socialisation, specificity, features, agents and mechanisms of this phenomenon in the conditions of a modern Russian society, and also in research of political socialisation in stable and transformed systems.

The practical importance of research consists in generalisation and kontseptualizatsii an empirical and analytical material that allows to define a role of agents and mechanisms of political socialisation in the conditions of transformation of a modern Russian society. Results of dissertational research, its conclusions and recommendations can be used the state structures, local governments and public organisations in political practice; by working out of special training courses on political science and political sociology.

Work approbation. The dissertation is discussed on faculty meeting of social philosophy and etnologii the Stavropol state university, at postgraduate seminars SGU. Separate positions of the dissertation are stated in 5 publications in total amount 2,5 items of l.

The basic ideas of dissertational research are presented in performances at scientific and scientifically-practical conferences: the All-Russia scientifically-practical seminar «Classical university as the centre of social and cultural development in polietnichnom region» (Stavropol, the Stavropol state university, on October, 23-25rd, 2003); regional scientifically-practical conference «Strategic management of social and economic and political processes in region: history, the present, prospects» (Pyatigorsk, the North Caucasian academy of public service, on October, 20-23th, 2004); 49 and 50 scientifically-methodical conferences «the University science - to region» (Stavropol, the Stavropol state university, on April, 21st, 2004, on April, 18th, 2005) ; Inter-regional scientifically-practical conference «Global versus the local: the Russian province in the conditions of globalisation (philosophical, sociological, sotsiokulturnye and political problems)» (Nevinnomyssk, Nevinnomys-skoj the state gumanitarno-technical institute, on April, 28th, 2005).

Dissertation structure. Dissertational work consists of the introduction, two heads, six paragraphs, the conclusion and the bibliographic list of the used literature. The list of the used literature includes 220 sources. Total amount of work of 173 pages.
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A source: Temeryan A.A.. Political socialization in a transforming Russian society. 2005

More on topic INTRODUCTION:

  1. in introduction
  2. INTRODUCTION
  3. INTRODUCTION
  4. 10.1. Introduction
  5. INTRODUCTION
  6. approbation and introduction of results.
  7. Introduction
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  10. INTRODUCTION
  11. Introduction
  12. Introduction
  13. INTRODUCTION