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In introduction the urgency of a theme of dissertational research, a definite purpose, object, a subject and research problems is presented, the research hypothesis is put forward, the methodological basis, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical value of work are stated, the positions which are taken out on protection are resulted.

In chapter 1 «the Problem of uneasiness of often ill children, gender features of its display and causing factors» the review of the scientific literature on a problem of studying of children's uneasiness in psychology, gender features of its display is given; factors of development of uneasiness at children of the senior preschool age, in particular the parental relation; features of psychological structure of a family and development of the person of often ill child of preschool age are considered.

In the first paragraph the analysis of a condition of a problem of research of children's uneasiness in a psychological science is presented. In the work basis uneasiness definition as is necessary to the individual psychological feature consisting in raised propensity to test anxiety in various vital situations, including that which objective characteristics do not contribute to it (Spilberger C.D., 2000). The raised uneasiness makes negative impact on behaviour and activity of the child, interfering with its harmonious development (Gabdreeva G. SH, Zaharov A.I., Kochubej B.I., Astapov V. M, 2002) and causing relapses of diseases (Isaev D.N. 2000; Antropov J.F., 2002; Starshenbaum G. V, 2005; Kovalevsky Century A, 2006). The senior preschool age is an age of the greatest expressiveness of uneasiness that is caused as intensive emotional development, and kognitivnym – the increased understanding of danger (Parishioners A.M., 1998; Spivakovskaja A.S. 1999; Kostina L.I., 2003). One researchers see the reasons of formation of uneasiness in natural, genetic factors of development of mentality of the child (a psychoanalytic direction), others – in social, as a condition and result of socialisation (kognitivno - bihevioralnyj the approach). Nevertheless, the literature analysis on a problem of children's uneasiness has shown, that the majority of the reasons of children's uneasiness are connected with infringement of detsko-parental relations.

In the second paragraph representations about gender distinctions of display of uneasiness in the modern literature (Makshantseva L.V., Yeremeyev V. D, Hrizman Etc., 1998 are shined; Kamensk Century G, Zvereva S.V., 2004).

Researchers are in search of defining factors in distinction of display of uneasiness at boys and girls of the senior preschool age. One scientists explain these distinctions feature of gender socialisation of boys which is characterised primary femininnoj by identification with mother with the subsequent change of object of identification, thereby promoting emotionally-kognitivnomu to a discord that becomes the alarm and pressure reason (Aleshina J.E., Volovich A.S., 1989; Kagan V. E, 2000). Others underline predisposition of boys to the raised uneasiness as a result of the inconsistent education combining femininnye base orientations (as result of prevalence of a female social environment) and maskulinno - the focused requirements (Kon I.S., 2003; Ivanov M. V, Kovalenko O. V, 2005). Till now there is no common opinion on the given question, nevertheless the basic attention of the researchers who are engaged in studying of the given problem, is given influence on the child of the social environment surrounding it, and first of all families.

In the third paragraph the parental relation as one of factors of formation of uneasiness is considered.
As a whole the literature analysis on the given problem has allowed to reveal the principal causes generating alarm at the child: absence at parents of emotional contact to children or its excessive intensity; absence of unconditional acceptance by parents of the child; disbelief in ability of the child to be independent, initiative, responsible; excessive alarm for the child and excessive care of it; a presentation to the child of the overestimated requirements without its real possibilities; mastering by the child of family patterns of alarm. Thus, one of major factors of occurrence and uneasiness development is the inefficient (broken) parental relation (Lukasik A.V., 2000; Astapov V. M, 2004; Kozlovskaja N.V., 2005; Mendelevich O. V, 2007, etc.) . And there are the data confirming, that the parental relation depends on a sex of the child (Radina N.K., 1999; Kagan V. E, 2000; Kon I.S., 2003; Chekalina A.A., 2004), from its somatic status (Isaev D.N., 2000; the Sokolov of Island M, Zernitsky Island B, 2005; Oudshorn D.N., 2007).

In the fourth paragraph features of psychological structure of a family and development of the person of often ill child of preschool age are considered. Some researchers underline, that often ill children of the senior preschool age differ from the healthy contemporaries higher level of uneasiness in connection with a special social situation of development, prevalence among families with often ill children of inefficient types of the parental relation (Lukasik A.V., 2000; Astapov V. M, 2004; Kozlovskaja N.V., 2005; Mendelevich O. V, 2007). Families with often ill children have special structure in which close symbiotic communication of the child with mother is combined with psychological dispassionateness of the father. Rejecting, with elements infantilizatsii and «social invalidizatsii», the parental relation of mother to often ill child supports its disease. As a result at the child such personal features which interfere with its recover and adaptation to the social environment are formed: high uneasiness, excessive dependence on the adult, etc.

Analyzing the scientific literature on the given problem, it is possible to assume, that illness can be the starting mechanism causing the inefficient parental relation which, in turn promotes development of high uneasiness of the child. For uneasiness decrease often ill child uses not adaptive mechanisms of psychological protection – somatizatsija alarms, flight in illness. There is «a psychosomatic vicious circle», to get out from which it is possible, having changed, first of all, the inefficient parental relation to the child on the effective.

Thus, consideration of family factors of development of high uneasiness, its gender specificity at often ill children of the senior preschool age, possibilities of its correction in connection with features of the family environment is represented to us to actual and corresponding problems of development of the psychological theory and requirements of practice.

The second chapter «the Teoretiko-methodological basis, methods and research materials» opens teoretiko-methodological positions which have laid down in a research basis (are presented in the first paragraph).

In the second paragraph the description of experimental and control sample and research techniques is given. Empirical research was spent with 2006 on 2009 of on the basis of MDOU № 176, 177, 250 of Krasnoyarsk. 120 children took part in research (often ill – 30 boys and 30 girls healthy – 30 boys and 30 girls) at the age of 5–7 years, 120 mothers and 108 fathers, 14 teachers. In each experimental group of 90 % of children were observed with the diagnosis «often ill child» (the reference to the doctor with diseases of bodies of breath, ORVI, ORZ 4–6 times in a year), 10 % of often ill children had the diagnosis «truly often ill child» (the reference to the doctor more than 6 times in a year). All often ill children at the moment of inspection were in a remission stage.

For research of gender features of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age, features of the parental relation to them and interrelation revealing between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill child of the senior preschool age and features of the parental relation following methods and techniques were used:

• a questionnaire – the questionnaire for revealing of the disturbing child of preschool age by interrogation of surrounding adults – parents, teachers (Kostina L.I.);

• a projective technique «Choose the necessary person» (Temmpl R, Amen V, Dorki M) allows to define uneasiness in relation to a number typical for the child (5–7 years) vital situations of interaction with other people;

• «the Scale of uneasiness of the child» (Parishioners A.M.), allowing to reveal uneasiness of children of the senior preschool age in certain kinds of activity;

• «the Test questionnaire of the parental relation» (Varga A.J., Stolin V.V.), allowing to reveal features of the parental relation to children;

• «Research kognitivnyh and emotional aspects of gender installations at children of 5-7 years» (Kagan V. S);

• methods of mathematical processing and the correlation analysis (criterion Stjudenta – definition of reliability of distinctions in level of an investigated sign, X2-criterion Pirsona – definition of distinctions in distribution of signs; factor of correlation Spirmena-definition of correlation communications).

The third chapter «Experimentally-psychological research of gender features of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and its interrelation with the parental relation» is devoted the analysis of features of uneasiness of often ill boys and girls of the senior preschool age (in comparison with healthy contemporaries), to definition of features of the parental relation to often ill children of the senior preschool age depending on a floor of the parent and a sex of a child (in comparison with healthy contemporaries) and to interrelation revealing between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill child of the senior preschool age and features of the parental relation to it.

In the first paragraph following results of research are presented:

1. Features of uneasiness of often ill boys and girls of the senior preschool age in comparison with healthy contemporaries are defined. The statistical analysis of the received results by a technique «Choose the necessary person» (Temmpl R, Amen V, Dorki M) has shown, what there are authentic distinctions between an index of uneasiness of often ill and healthy boys (r? 0,01), often ill and healthy girls (r? 0,05), often ill boys and girls (r? 0,05). At the analysis of results of a technique «Scale of uneasiness of the child» (Parishioners A.M.) Have been revealed: on the basis of the somatic status - authentic distinctions between level educational (r? 0,01), self-estimated (r? 0,01) and interpersonal (r? 0,01) uneasiness of often ill and healthy boys, and also level educational (r? 0,05) and interpersonal (r? 0,05) uneasiness of often ill and healthy girls. At comparison of results on the basis of a gender accessory authentic distinctions between level self-estimated (r are revealed? 0,01) and interpersonal (r? 0,05) uneasiness of often ill boys and girls. Between indicators of level of interpersonal uneasiness of healthy boys and healthy girls of authentic distinction it is not revealed (fig. 1).



Fig. 1. The generalised characteristic of indicators of an index of uneasiness, educational, self-estimated and interpersonal uneasiness of often ill and healthy boys and girls of the senior preschool age (%)



Thus, often ill children of the senior preschool age are more disturbing, than their healthy contemporaries as they are in the special social situation of development characterised "defitsitarnymi" by conditions for development of the person, and, as consequence, have some difficulties with interaction with world around that leads to uncertainty in, the timidity, to the raised uneasiness.

2. Features kognitivnogo and emotional aspects of gender installations at children of the senior preschool age («Research kognitivnyh and emotional aspects of gender installations at children of 5-7 years» (Kagan V. S)) are analysed ). Analyzing kognitivnyj aspect of gender installations of investigated groups of children, it is necessary to notice, that irrespective of a gender accessory and the somatic status all children correctly name the floor, realise its irreversibility and its change do not wish. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of emotional perception children of sexual roles has shown, that in answers of children of both sexes (irrespective of the somatic status) the emotional perception of girls authentically is more positive, than boys. Nevertheless, the perception of own sexual role often ill children (especially boys) is less positive, than at healthy contemporaries. At comparison of results by means of methods of mathematical statistics authentic distinctions between indicators of emotional perception of own sexual role of often ill boys and often ill girls (r are revealed? 0,01), healthy boys and healthy girls (r? 0,01) and an opposite sexual role of often ill boys and often ill girls (r? 0,01), and also healthy boys and healthy girls (r? 0,01).

The received results of research will be co-ordinated with M.V.Ivanovoj, V.D.Eremeevoj's representations, Etc. Hrizman, V.E.Kagan that at boys of the senior preschool age (in comparison with girls) higher level of uneasiness and emotional negativizatsii an image I that promoted by a number of factors:

• being in the environment imparting the leading part of values femininnogo of type (obedience, passivity, absence of conflict etc.), boys are compelled to adapt in a real life in the behaviour to the maskulinno-focused requirements of significant adults: ability to protect and weaker, ability to achieve the to defend the point of view, ability to suffer of deprivation to supervise the emotional displays. All it creates preconditions for experience of "the conflict of gender values» at boys that strengthens their alarm.

Girls pass this age period less painfully, as for them requirements of adults (mainly one floor with them) and consequently at them models of behaviour are more accurately formed, the values corresponding polorolevomu to a stereotype of behaviour are initially more clear;

• complexity, discrepancy of formation at boys of gender identity in 5–7 years (change of object of identification, emotionally-kognitivnyj a discord);

• features educational (sredovyh) the influences connected with emotionally uncooperative altitude to maskulinnomu to behaviour of boys. Absence of the account adults of biologically caused gender features of children (the brain organisation of mental functions at boys and girls is various);

• suppression by the boy of own feeling of fear as a result of the installations acquired from society, sexual stereotypes of "man's behaviour», and, as consequence, growth of internal pressure, uneasiness.

Thus, often ill boys (in comparison with often ill girls and healthy contemporaries of both sexes) have higher indicators on level of uneasiness and negative emotional perception of own sexual role. On the basis of the above-stated it is possible to draw a conclusion, that the status of often ill child is worried by the boy more painfully, than the girl, and it is negatively reflected in its interpersonal relations, an estimation of, own possibilities that can provoke development of high uneasiness.

In the second paragraph results of research of features of the parental relation in families with often ill boys and girls (in comparison with healthy) and the revealed interrelation of the parental relation and gender features of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age are presented.

1. In families with often ill children dominating types of the parental relation at fathers are symbiosis, authoritative hypersocialization (to boys) and symbiosis, authoritative hypersocialization, infantilizatsija (to girls). Mothers concerning often ill children show symbiosis, infantilizatsiju (to girls) and symbiosis, infantilizatsiju, otverzhenie (to boys). Hence, often ill girls are accepted and infantilizirujut by both parents while concerning often ill boys from mothers the inconsistent parental relation is observed: a combination of strong attachment, excessive guardianship and emotional otverzhenija. Dominating types of the parental relation from fathers to healthy children of both sexes, and also from mothers to boys are cooperation, symbiosis and authoritative hypersocialization, in the relation of healthy girls from mothers symbiosis and cooperation (fig. 2–3) dominate.



Fig. 2. The generalised characteristic of the parental relation of mothers to often ill both healthy boys and girls of the senior preschool age: 1 – otverzhenie, 2 – cooperation, 3 – symbiosis, 4 – authoritative hypersocialization, 5 – infantilizatsija (%)



Fig. 3. The generalised characteristic of the parental relation of fathers to often ill both healthy boys and girls of the senior preschool age: 1 – otverzhenie, 2 – cooperation, 3 – symbiosis, 4 – authoritative hypersocialization, 5 – infantilizatsija (%)

At comparison of results authentic distinctions between the parental relation to often ill and healthy boys at mothers (r are revealed? 0,01) and fathers (r? 0,05), and also to often ill and healthy girls at mothers (r? 0,01) and fathers (r? 0,01).

2. The interrelation analysis between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and features of the parental relation to them of mothers has allowed to reveal:

• direct significant communication between level of uneasiness of children of both sexes and authoritative hypersocialization; between level of uneasiness at boys and otverzheniem, symbiosis, infantilizatsiej;

• return significant communication between level of uneasiness at girls and cooperation.

The interrelation analysis between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and features of the parental relation to them of fathers has allowed to reveal:

• direct significant communication between level of uneasiness of children of both sexes and authoritative hypersocialization; between level of uneasiness of boys and otverzheniem;

• return significant communication between level of uneasiness of boys and cooperation (tab. 1-2).

Table 1 – Features of interrelations between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and type of the parental relation to them of mothers (r s)



The note. In the table digital values of factor of correlation on Spirmenu are presented and character of existing communication is designated: (+) – a direct communication, (–) – a feedback; * – significant correlation communications are designated at r? 0,05; ** – significant correlation communications are designated at r? 0,01.

Table 2 – Features of interrelations between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and type of the parental relation to them of fathers (rs)



The note. In the table digital values of factor of correlation on Spirmenu are presented and character of existing communication is designated: (+) – a direct communication, (–) – a feedback; * – significant correlation communications are designated at r? 0,05; ** – significant correlation communications are designated at r? 0,01.

Thus, the interrelation analysis between degree of expressiveness of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and type of the parental relation to them has shown, that there is a direct dependence between inefficient types of the parental relation and level of uneasiness of children and a feedback between effective types of the parental relation and level of children's uneasiness. Analyzing results, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that irrespective of a floor of children communication of hypersocialization from fathers and mothers with the raised children's uneasiness takes place. The correlation analysis has allowed to reveal a significant feedback of cooperation of parents and uneasiness of children of an identical floor with them, that, probably, testifies to the importance for the child of cooperation from the parent who is for it object of identification. The less indicators of cooperation of girls with their mothers, and at boys – with their fathers, the above level of children's uneasiness.

Nevertheless, the interrelation of gender features of display of uneasiness and the parental relation is revealed. Concerning often ill girls low indicators otverzhenija from parents of both sexes and significant correlation between uneasiness of often ill girls are revealed and parental otverzheniem is not revealed, while concerning boys otverzhenie from mother is one of leading types of the parental relation. Significant correlations between otverzheniem parents of both sexes and the raised uneasiness of often ill boys are besides, revealed. Being based on the received results, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that otverzhenie concerning often ill boys in families it is more expressed, than concerning often ill girls.

The direct close connection between the raised self-estimated and interpersonal uneasiness of often ill boys and them infantilizatsiej from mothers while infantilizatsija girls from parents of both sexes it is not connected with the raised uneasiness is revealed. Hence, in close symbiotic communication with own sons, infantiliziruja them and attributing it a social inconsistency, supervising each step of the child, mothers promote increase of uneasiness of often ill boys in an estimation of as carrier of own sexual role, in an estimation of own possibilities and in interpersonal mutual relations.

Considering the facts set forth above, it is possible to say that often ill boy in bolshej to degree mismatches expectation of mother, than the girl with the same somatic status, than and high indicators «parent otverzhenija» in many families with often ill boys speak. Such inconsistent relation of mother, emotional communication with which it is especially important at the age of 5-7 years, can promote formation of the raised uneasiness at boys.

In the fourth chapter the korrektsionno-developing program directed on a reduction of high uneasiness of often ill boys and girls of the senior preschool age and optimisation of the parental relation to them, and also the analysis of its efficiency is presented. Korrektsionno-developing work was carried out concerning three subjects of educational space:

• often ill, disturbing children of the senior preschool age (decrease in high level of uneasiness, formation of positive self-perception (including perceptions of own gender role), overcoming of "psychological benefit» from disease);

• parents (increase of psihologo-pedagogical competence, overcoming of own uneasiness, change of perception of own often ill child and the parental relation to it on more effective, harmonisation of detsko-parental relations);

• teachers (expansion of knowledge of mechanisms of occurrence of uneasiness and ways of its overcoming at children of 5-7 years, about features of development of the person and structure of a family of often ill child, about gender features of development of children and possibility of their account at the organisation of educational process).

After realisation of the korrektsionno-developing program the control cut has been spent, allowing to define its efficiency (fig. 4).

1. The statistical analysis of results of a control cut by techniques «Choose the necessary person» and «the Scale of uneasiness of the child» has shown, what authentic distinctions between indicators of an index of uneasiness (r are revealed? 0,01), level educational (r? 0,05), self-estimated (r? 0,01) and interpersonal uneasiness (r? 0,01) experimental group of boys before carrying out of forming experiment, and also between indicators of an index of uneasiness (r? 0,05) and level of interpersonal uneasiness (r? 0,01) experimental group of girls before realisation of forming experiment. Authentic distinctions (revealed before carrying out of korrektsionno-developing actions) between level of uneasiness of experimental and control groups have been levelled.



Fig. 4. The generalised characteristic of indicators of an index of uneasiness, educational, self-estimated and interpersonal uneasiness of often ill boys and girls of the senior preschool age BEFORE forming experiment (%)

2. Authentic distinctions between the parental relation of mothers before carrying out of forming experiment to often ill boys (r are revealed? 0,05) and to girls (r? 0,05). In the parental relation of fathers to often ill girls and boys before carrying out of forming experiment of authentic distinctions it is not revealed, nevertheless, after realisation of the korrektsionno-developing program authentic distinctions between indicators of the parental relation of fathers to often ill and healthy children of both sexes have been levelled.

After the spent forming experiment as a whole there was an increase of level of the effective parental relation and decrease in level of the inefficient parental relation to often ill children of both sexes. It is necessary to notice, that considerable decrease otverzhenija and infantilizatsii from mothers concerning often ill boys of the senior preschool age is the important factor for correction of the raised uneasiness in development of the last. Fathers do not reject the often ill daughters, but also can them infantilizirovat. It, probably, the big difference in distinction of level of uneasiness before forming experiment at often ill boys of the senior preschool age (in comparison with often ill girls-contemporaries) speaks. Substantial increase of level of cooperation from parents in relation to children of both sexes also is the favorable factor for decrease in level of their uneasiness (fig. 5–6).



Fig. 5. The generalised characteristic of the parental relation of mothers and fathers to often ill boys of the senior preschool age BEFORE forming experiment: 1 – otverzhenie, 2 – cooperation, 3 – symbiosis, 4 – authoritative hypersocialization, 5 – infantilizatsija (%)



Fig. 6. The generalised characteristic of the parental relation of mothers and fathers to often ill girls of the senior preschool age BEFORE forming experiment:

1 – otverzhenie, 2 – cooperation, 3 – symbiosis, 4 – authoritative hypersocialization, 5-infantilizatsija (%)

The received results allow to draw a conclusion, that the offered korrektsionno-developing program is effective for decrease in level of uneasiness at often ill girls and boys of the senior preschool age and optimisation of the parental relation to them.

In the dissertation conclusion following conclusions become:

1. Often ill children of the senior preschool age are more disturbing, than their healthy contemporaries as they are in the special social situation of development characterised "defitsitarnymi" by conditions for development of the person, and, as consequence, can have some difficulties with interaction with world around that contributes to uncertainty in, the timidity, to the raised uneasiness.

2. Often ill boys have higher level of self-estimated and interpersonal uneasiness, and also negative perception of own sexual role, than the girl. It is connected with the inconsistent parental relation to often ill boy as a consequence of unjustified expectation of mother as society requirements to maskulinnomu to behaviour type contradict its personal features.

3. Symbiosis as type of the parental relation prevails both in families with healthy, and with often ill children of the senior preschool age. Nevertheless, in families with often ill children symbiosis, as a rule, is combined with infantilizatsiej the child, and it puts the child in a position weak irrespective of a floor. However, if also it is allowed to girls to be "weak" (indicators on a scale "otverzhenie" from both parents insignificant) "weak" boys of mother do not accept completely (high indicators on a scale "otverzhenie" from mothers), and it is elderly, when a recognition (approval) from the parent of an opposite sex and emotional communication with it are especially important, that can provoke development of high uneasiness and, as consequence, disease relapses.

4. Exist direct interrelation between level of uneasiness of boys and girls of the senior preschool age and the inefficient parental relation to them (high level otverzhenija, authoritative hypersocialization, etc.), and also a feedback between uneasiness of children of the senior preschool age and effective type of the parental relation to them (standard indicators of all types of the parental relation).

5. The offered korrektsionno-developing program has caused considerable decrease in level of self-estimated and interpersonal uneasiness at often ill children of the senior preschool age and prevention of increase of level of educational uneasiness before receipt in school (which has occurred to groups of healthy children of both sexes), promoted development of positive self-perception in often ill boys, and also has allowed to change the parental relation to often ill children to more effective and to harmonise detsko-parental relations.

Thus, the carried out research brings the contribution to representation of modern medical psychology about interrelation of gender features of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and the parental relation to them, expands an arsenal of psihologo-pedagogical methods, the technician for correction of uneasiness and optimisation of the parental relation to often ill child. The conclusions received as a result of research work, do not apply for the exhaustive decision of the mentioned problem as we have considered influence only the parental relation on development of uneasiness of often ill children of preschool age, but show necessity of the further studying of the factors provoking the big expressiveness of uneasiness at often ill boys.
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A source: Duskazieva ZH.G.. Gender of feature of uneasiness of often ill children of the senior preschool age and possibility of its correction. 2009

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