<<
>>

1.2. New tendencies of development of the international life under the influence of globalisation in estimations of the Russian and Mongolian researchers

Under the influence of globalisation arise new directions of evolution of the international life which require political and scientific estimations. Formation of the multipolar world concerns such directions, first of all.
In spite of the fact that the USA, whose total internal product constitutes almost half of world gross national product, keeps world leadership, the big role in world politics is played also by other powers, including the Great Britain, France, Germany, China. Russia and some other. For underdeveloped countries there is, thus, a possibility to use support not any separate country, and the numerous centres of force. But, on the other hand, it means, that the small country gets to dependence not one, and variety of stronger states. As shown above, globalisation represents the most complicated process of escalating of volumes and a variety mirohozjajstvennyh the communications, accompanied usipeniem economic interdependence of the countries of all world. Globalisation generates new directions on which there is an evolution of the international life. First of all, it becomes more appreciable change of a role of the state which start to delegate more and more the functions various international governmental both to non-governmental organisations - the United Nations and to its specialised agencies, and also the WTO, ATES, STES and other. In this case the small countries can join these organisations, and in this plan there is a set of examples. The state role decreases in many countries under influence of a policy of transition of their economy on market relations. In many cases it leads to spontaneous processes and economic growth brakes. As an example activity ATES can serve. On taken place in South Korea in December, 2005 To the next meeting of representatives of economy-members ATES the Pusansky declaration in which in reply to the new calls resulting evolution of conditions of functioning of international trade, Pusansky "motoring map" of movement to the purposes which includes has been approved has been accepted: Support of multilateral trading system; Strengthening of individual and collective actions; Assistance to development of system of high-quality regional trading agreements and agreements on free trade (RTS/SST); The Pusansky agenda for business community; The strategic approach to a problem of escalating of potentials; Application pervoprohodcheskih инициатив82. Participants of a meeting have confirmed again the adherence to advancement of economic and technical cooperation (EKOTEK) with a view of maintenance of the balanced growth and the general prosperity in region. They have underlined not simply importance most EKOTEK, but also its importance as multivector direction of activity of the Forum answering, including, to problems of liberalisation and simplification of terms of trade and investment activity. Let's notice also, that evolution of the international relations has found reflexion and in such thesis of the Pusansky declaration, as the agenda for business community which contains an appeal to the further five-percentage reduction transaktsionnyh costs in trade by 2010, to development all-round profammy simplifications of conditions of business, and also to new efforts in the field of protection of intellectual property rights, simplification of terms of trade, struggle against corruption, conducting investment activity and maintenance safe торговли83.
Mongolia which as the observer, is the participant of forum ATES, can take advantage of privileges. Which are listed in the Pusansky declaration. During evolution of the international life new calls are born. So, differentiation growth between the developed countries and the majority of developing countries. Development of the international relations in a positive channel is more and more accompanied by such negative phenomena as a narcotism and the narcotraffic, terrorism and an atypical pneumonia, spid and other heavy diseases which do not recognise frontiers. The Russian and Mongolian politicians and scientists rather guards also accruing contradictions between the USA and China. «There is a suspicion, that China and the USA become two basic contradictory forces in the world» 84, - Mongolian academician T.Namzhim notices. It is already proved, that globalisation process differently influences the separate countries or groups of the countries. Now became obvious, that it worsens position of the undeveloped countries or the countries with not steady market economy as it happens, for example, during the Asian currency-financial crisis though brings some benefits. The positive effect is expressed that, strengthening integration communications between national links of the world housekeeper, globalisation promotes interest of the governments in maintenance of its safety. The leading argument here consists that the world information network which has arisen recently facilitates an information transfer, repeatedly accelerating movement of financial streams, the conclusion of the international transactions etc. It gives new quality to the international relations, raises their role in a life of each separate state. The interdependence resulting information integration, does vzaimoopasnym rupture of such communications. Rupture of communications represents special threat for small underdeveloped countries, whose economy is especially vulnerable in conditions a little diversifitsirovannoj structure and the hypertrophied orientation to development of export manufacture. Promotion on the foreground of problems of globalisation of economic in system of the international relations speaks clearing of the world of ideological opposition (and even occurrence in this respect unjustified illusions, that the epoch of large wars on the earth in general passed), sharp turn of the international relations to problems of economic growth, as to a basis of general development, stability and a source of increase of a standard of life of the basic weights of the population. Really, there is a set of certificates to that process of global integration to a greater or lesser extent reflects such general directions of development of the world community as internationalisation of a public life, a trance nationalisation of corporate communications, quantitative growth of various integration associations. Estimations of scientists and politicians of all world really admits, that evolution of the international relations has led to opening of frontiers for free moving of capitals, the goods and manpower resources, leads to deep changes in bases of a life of the countries and the people. At the same time, it is necessary to establish, that formation of a new world order still far from the end. The separate social and economic, political and cultural structures forming the modern world, become interconnected in the increasing degree. And, in spite of the fact that power, including military factors still play the important role, the centre of the international competition is more and more displaced from area of race of arms and expansion of nuclear potentials in a channel of escalating of the state power and strengthening of its basis - economy. The role of international contacts in the decision of global political problems, including conflicts and disputes which usually dare force thus amplifies. In new international conditions attempts to supervise over process of globalisation from the United Nations Organization are undertaken. In this plan the management of the United Nations under the aegis of Department on political questions has generated recently mezhucherezhdencheskuju group, before which task in view of studying of political-economical aspects of confrontations. It is the important measure aimed at preservation of the international safety by economic measures. Thus, there is a rapprochement of ways of resolution of problems of safety and development problems. «Such approach, - the Secretary general of the United Nations Kofi Annan considers, - should allocate us with means for the best understanding of those economic stimulus and deterrents by which dynamics of confrontations is defined, and also influence tools on them, and should provide the account of such factors in efforts on prevention konfpiktov, in peace agreements and the mandates which are given out to peace-making operations» 85. The United Nations attach huge significance to scientific researches of a role of a science in international contacts. At this organisation it is created and the Interacademic council (the international research group), occupied with working out of a role of a science in world globalizatsionnom process operates. In the beginning of 2004 this council has presented to world community the report on a theme «Creation of the best future: strategy of escalating of global scientific potential», predstavpjajushchy itself a substantiation of ways of activization of creative abilities of the person, assistance and its orientation on scientific and innovative деятельность82. The big attention is given by a management of the United Nations to preservation of a world cultural heritage. About ten years ago in capital of Mongolia Ulan Bator under the aegis of UNESCO has been created The international research institute on studying of nomadic civilisations. The United Nations initiated and support also the large international project «Revival of the Great Silk way». Thus, about though the economy also sets solving impulse to process of evolution of the international relations, but at all does not settle completely all its directions. Especially, if to consider, that recently the changes even more often arising in political sphere, in social and cultural areas of ability to live of the world community, start to make the big impact on economic. On the other hand, delay of transformations to areas of a policy, social and cultural building, often artificial, becomes a brake of formation of effective global economy. Thus, the globalisation phenomenon already left for purely economic frameworks and escalating impact on all spheres of public work starts to make. He, undoubtedly, will play defining role in world development in the XXI-st century, will give an impulse to formation of new system of the international political and economic relations. Thus it is necessary to notice, that the state as public institute had for a long time already a strong competitor - the transnational corporations which have become today by the most influential participant second after it of world political and economic processes. Now incomes of the separate multinational corporations considerably exceed gross national product of variety of the states. In the official report of secretary of the United Nations, specially devoted to multinational corporation activity, it has been established, that the multinational corporations have turned to enormous force in modern economic, the volume of their annual foreign sales constitutes an order of 2 bln. dollars 03 Unlike national states, whose activity is caused by international treaties and agreements, the multinational corporations are free from obligations such, that puts them in obviously exclusive position on world economic and political arenas. In system new me) kdunarodnyh relations arises and becomes aggravated a problem of preservation of world economic safety, on a condition and which dynamics the big influence is rendered by developing hierarchy of world economic system which is constructed by criterion of prevalence of technologies of economic development. Its initial base is the agrarian sector (the lowest level) and finishes its postindustrial sector (highest level). For small underdeveloped countries the problem of agrarian sector is closely connected with a survival problem, and also accumulation of means a transition share to the modernised economy. This question entirely concerns also to Mongolia which as a member of the WTO is forced to reduce the trading tariffs while its agrarian sector almost entirely is based on backward nomadic animal industries and cannot become the worthy competitor of cheaper agricultural production of the same China. Safety of economic in many respects depends on degree of distribution of technologies of the highest level presented for today by information economy. Spontaneously formed after «cold war» the new world order in many respects grows from below, through integration within the limits of regions, being gradually consolidated around the largest and influential subjects of the international relations. Round these centres of force extensive superregions are formed: EU - in Europe, East Asia (as a part of two subregions Northeast and South East Asia), Asian-Pacific region, region of Southern Asia etc. In their borders interaction, depending on integration degree, differs different intensity and gets different forms, beginning from joint ventures, the free trade zones and finishing creation of the multilateral organisations of cooperation. The free trade zones began to be formed and in underdeveloped countries, including in Mongolia, on its borders with Russia and China. Thereby this country brings the contribution to enrichment of the international relations by new forms of co-operation. According to known Mongolian scientist L.Hajsandaja, use of market relations in external economic policy of Mongolia and other small countries of Asia allows to speak about occurrence to "the Asian transitive model of updating» 86. The population of the countries of "gold billion» nowadays constitutes only 15 % from world, and simultaneously on a share of the population of these countries it is necessary about 80 % world additional стоимости87. The Increasing quantity of economic, social, ecological and other problems (the international terrorism, spread of drug addiction etc.) find global scales, infringing on interests practically all countries of the world. Mongolia possesses insignificant economic power. It is enough to tell, that level of poverty of its population reaches now ЗбУо06. In these conditions advantage have naturally received the USA, whose financial system dominates over financial systems of other countries. The USA successfully uses a freedom of commerce as the tool against less developed countries. The characteristic of "openness" of the economy, given by the French economist M.Perbo is indicative. As he said, «the openness, a freedom of commerce is an optimum game rule for in the lead economy» 88. So, process of stratification of the countries on the poor and rich is not stopped. Moreover, it becomes more intensively. As a result the rich and strong states become even richer and stronger. The poor countries continue to grow poor. We will address to examples. A number of developing countries where poverty level raises, rasshiripsja for last 30 years almost twice - with 25 to 49. By calculations of experts, 21 from them will not reach gross national product level of production on soul nasepenija at a rate of 1 thousand dollars USA even in 100 years. In 2000 each of 1,2 billion earth dwellers existed less than for one dollar a day. There are also other, not less powerful facts. One of them, for example, testifies to that, that a condition less than ten the richest people in the world of equally set of gross national product of all poorly developed 49 countries with the total population equal to 600 million of persons. Thus, despite all reasonable efforts, the majority of the peripheral countries throughout last decades did not manage to reduce essentially rupture with the industrial countries entering a post an industrial stage of development. Depth of this rupture fluctuates now round 8 multiple indicators. Quickly developing China lags behind Japan approximately in 7,1 times, from EU - in 6,4 and from the USA - in 9,7 times, India - in 13, 11 and 16 times accordingly. The group of the countries with transitive economy on this indicator conceded to the developed countries in 4,4 times, including Russia - in 3.3 times. Subjects of the international relations differ among themselves and on degree of participation in world trade and mezhstranovom a transfer of capitals. On the data published by known Russian economist L.Z.Zevinym, there is a following picture: if in 1990 on a share of the USA 30 % of capitalisation of the world market of securities now - to 50 %, the share of the West European markets has reached 31 % and Japan-11 % were necessary. Level of capitalisation of securities markets of industrially developed countries has increased from 86 % of the general level of world capitalisation in 1990 to 92 % in the present время89. The Russian Federation forming strategy of economic safety, at position definition in different regions of the world, constantly it is necessary to mean following circumstances: • the West, despite protection of the free and fair competition by it, equal possibilities, necessity of liquidation of rupture for levels of development between the East and the West, the North and the South, undoubtedly, will make all efforts for preservation of an existing state of affairs. Hardly he begins to pay compliments occurrence on a world scene of the new strong player in the name of typing political and economic weight on the international proscenium of Russia. • Globalisation makes the demands to efficiency and quality of work, to competitiveness and market economy levels of development. Not casually one of requirements to membership in the World Trade Organization is the recognition for the applicant of the status of the country with market economy. • At expansion of the external economic cooperation of Russia it is necessary to deal with such new system display of globalisation as occurrence in the developed countries of quickly growing elements so-called «new economy» or «economy of knowledge» (Knowledge Based Economy). Information and communication technologies, innovative systems, human resources Here enter. With development and a wide circulation of the high technologies removing resource restrictions of economic growth and providing probably ecologically purer manufacture, world experts connect prospects of development of economic. The economy of knowledge becomes obpastju, the most open and, moreover, requiring in global and regional interaction of the countries and corporations. Unlike scientific and technical revolutions of the past by object of influence modern information revolution has not only and not so much production of goods, how many human consciousness. There is a deep transformation of all system of social communications of an individual. The new economy of the modern world is defined, first of all, rezuptatami, reached in information-technological sector, the main role in its development belongs to the Internet, this original information model of globalisation in its modern kind which all is more widely used as the effective mechanism of enterprise activity. Thus, in an end result there is a prospect of an exit of the world community on absolutely new qualitative level of development of all spheres of its ability to live and the participation in this process Russia should define. It should consider in external and internal policy, that globalisation of economic in the conditions of the tendency of formation of the unipolar world and imposing of the economic dependence, the limited freedom of choice for the majority of the countries have created by present time the whole complex of direct and indirect threats, at least, for 80 % of the population of globe. Among risks and the dangers generated by globalisation of economic and broadcast on national economies, the following is especially allocated, in our opinion: • Growth of economic dependence of developing countries from the developed states. It is expressed in rupture expansion in levels of economic and social development between the rich North and the poor South. • In the course of accruing instability of an international situation the economic and its national links become more and more vulnerable. The negative phenomena in this or that country are reflected in other countries. Experts warn, for example, that the high prices for oil which are till now the basic source of formation of the Russian budget, can change suddenly. And this danger is quite real. • In the world struggle for power resources does not stop. As the proof to that is served by repeating world energy crises, war in Iraq and other conflicts on this soil. That the world will consume more and more power resources in the form of hydrocarbonic raw materials, transition of many before the backward countries on the intensive way of development including modernisation of manufacture convincingly testifies. Most the vivid example in this plan gives China showing huge interest in reception of access to the Russian oil pipe. For today only China imports one from the different countries to 70 million tons of crude oil a year. • Accelerated rate and population shift scales, first of all, from the poor countries in rich and safe. This process is promoted by washing out of frontiers, liberalisation of throughput systems etc. As a result it leaves from - under the control of the national governments and the international organisations. • Strengthening of positions of transnational corporations in economic, together with in the politician. The possession huge financial and material resources gives the chance to the transnational companies to influence economic policy of many countries of the world. Today it is possible to approve, proceeding from the analysis of the reasons of many international economic crises, that multinational corporation activity is capable to generate danger of economic safety of many countries, especially those them from them where they have the branches. • Consequences of action of the factors creating economic threats on a global scale, falling of a standard of life of the population in many countries is. Especially dangerous going deep process of stratification of a society in the countries with high rates of development is represented. For example, in India (124 place in the world on an index of development of human potential), being one of such countries, about 80 % of the population lives in penury also poverty; China on an index of development of human potential is on 94th place in the world ". Similar position develops and in Russia. As of April, 2003 of 39 million Russians existed behind line бедности90. Recently the changed conditions of development of the world community and all its links lead to generalisation of experience in this obpasgi, in rezuptate that new theories of national safety are formed. It is the certificate of importance of this problem for evolution of all system of the international relations. We will very shortly stop on its characteristic how it sees to the author for today. So, transformation of world balance of forces towards the unipolar world, deepening of the tendency of transition of industrial economy to postindustrial economy, globalisation of economic problems and ways of their decision, nakoppennyj in this area experience of reflexion of threats of national safety - all it has in aggregate caused requirement for theoretical judgement of new aspects of the national safety which have arisen in changed internal and external conditions by a life. The thesis «safety through development», actually duplicating the idea of stable development of the world put forward by the United Nations Organization became the main ideological postulate of new theories of safety now. In the report of the Secretary general of the United Nations Kofi Annan «We, the people: the United Nations Organization Role in the XXI-st century» is especially underlined that fact, that globalisation has generated «new forms of vulnerability to old threats» 91. As he said, the key link of a today's call of a human civilisation is defined by that «while the post-war multilateral system has created conditions for formation and consolidation of new process of globalisation, this globalisation, in turn, has led to that the design of this system has become outdated. Differently, our post-war institutes were created under an international peace, and we now live in the world global. Effective reaction to this shift - the basic institutsionalnaja a problem standing today before world leaders» 92. Certainly, in the report of the Secretary general of the United Nations the generalised characteristic of the modern world what it became to the beginning of new century is given. The account of external conditions of safety, threats and risks - the major problem in the decision of problems of global safety. At the same time, under the influence of the same new conditions, and even more - under the influence of internal transformations which have national specificity depending on in what country or the state they take place, definition of national safety though carries a number of the general lines, gets the updated treatment. For its best understanding it is necessary to address to official definitions of national safety which are resulted in diplomas of the Russian Federation. So, in our opinion, in the Law of the Russian Federation operating till now «About safety» (it is accepted in 1992) This key world outlook document, safety is legally treated as «a condition of security of the vital interests of the person, a society and the state from internal and external threats» 93. This most general concept of universal safety. As a national variant it is particularly characterised in the Concept of national safety of the Russian Federation 2000 In the given document is written down: «national safety of the Russian Federation is understood as safety of its multinational people as carrier of the sovereignty and unique source of the power in the Russian Federation» 94. The Great value has concept of national interests of Russia, resulted in the same document. « National interests of Russia is a set of the balanced interests of the person, a society and the state in economic, internal political, social, international, information, military, boundary, ecological and other spheres, - it is spoken in the Concept. - they have long-term character and define main objectives, strategic and current problems internal and state foreign policy. National interests are provided with the institutes of the government which are carrying out the functions, including in interaction with operating on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation public organisations »95. Recently in the Russian economic and politological science the attention to theoretical problems of the international relations and character of their evolution under the influence of globalisation, including, to concept «national safety» has considerably increased. Attempts to consider threat of economic safety are undertaken, dividing them under many factors: internal and external, time and long-term, with reference to state go to private interests. Over classification of threats, for example, Russian scientist E.Smolin (financial academy) 96 successfully works. The separate parties of economic safety, with reference to the person, are presented in L research. P.Goncharenko in whom economic safety of the person «is characterised by a condition at which conditions of protection of vital interests are guaranteed, is provided system of social development and social justice» 97. New treatments of essence of the international relations in whole, national safety in particular are put forward, on - the new the economic aspect of national safety is estimated. Scientists analyze new risks and threats for economy of Russia in connection with its introduction into the WTO at what in this plan there are contradictions and disagreements. They classify threats and bring offers on their prevention and overcoming. Nevertheless, all new ideas are in this respect stated extremely fragmentary, that complicates representation about national and economic safety as about vzaimoobuslovlennyh concepts. Safety much of new definitions disperse from official formulations, probably, their considerable value as they force to reflect on necessity of development of the general new approaches to a problem consists in it. Feature of the Russian variant of the theory of safety is the recognition of national safety and well-being of the person as the national purpose, special attention to bases of geocultural dynamics of safety, sinergetichesky подход98. But there are also other opinions. V.N.Kuznetsov and a number of other Russian researchers characterise safety not through national interests, and through the national purpose. Such approach, obviously, it would be possible to consider as new step in the field of development of the theory of safety if national interests would not be those, avoiding orientation to base values and a social ideal. Nevertheless, attempt to prove new understanding and accordingly a scientific category «national safety», accepting for its basis national idea, can be recognised by fruitful but only in the event that the national idea will be interfaced to national interests. In our opinion, national interest (national interests) and national idea are concepts one-serial, to spend between them a sharp watershed it would be incorrect. Other definition of national safety offer A.Volodin and G.Shirokov, considering, that national safety «is submitting to rigid logic of the state interests a complex of social and economic, political and military - strategic initiatives. The base of national safety - diversifitsirovannaja economy with a considerable share of hi-tech ways and development model allowing to operate independently in relation to the cores to" the force centres »99. Agreeing basically with such estimation of value of economy for the base of national safety, we will make one important, in our opinion, addition. As world experience testifies, there is a feedback of national safety with its base «diversifitsirovannoj, hi-tech economy». To Aggrieve to economic safety circumstances and the factors are capable, which in itself are not economic under the maintenance (undesirable structural shifts in economy, illegal export of the capital from the country, financial crises, crash at a currency stock exchange and other), but also political, internal and external factors, terrorism, ethnic cleanings, confrontations and wars. Differently, economic safety on global and stranovom levels is threatened with all same circumstances which are capable to undermine general safety. From here the conclusion that an economic situation of each separate country, world balance of forces which even more often define now as strategic stability, are the most vulnerable component in system of the factors defining safety of any level follows. Scales of threats and a loss put to economic safety of the country, put forward problems of its maintenance on a proscenium of a public life. Mirohozjajstvennye communications in modern conditions of a steel one of defining factors of development of national economy. At the same time, participation in these communications has caused many problems and disproportions in economy of the countries of all regions of the world. Competition strengthening creates special difficulties at the countries having weakened economic positions. Tendencies of evolution of the international relations put before them a dilemma: to become or an organic part of the world market and the world economy, or to remain resource base for its development. National manufacture of many developing countries far not always appears prepared, owing to its lower competitiveness, to struggle for the new markets. The same situation and in the CIS. In essence the new possibilities created by globalisation, the most developed countries could take advantage, first of all. Globalisation stimulates technical progress thanks to the new conditions of a competition inherent in the global markets, and also thanks to association of financial and scientific resources of the different countries. The global markets are based on new technology which becomes the major factor of a market competition. Each of the state-participants of market relations basically divides a conclusion of the World bank that only is not enough of one liberalisation of trade that the countries could maximise return from it. Access expansion to the market Is required. Many countries of Asia are insignificant on territory, have no exit to world ocean, accordingly, trade for them is the major condition of growth. Therefore they aspire to expand access to the markets of the developed countries, and also to the markets of traditional trading partners in region. From such positions the place and a role of the new democratic states in the world economy should be considered taking into account possibilities and the problems arising at integration of their manufacture, formation of the multinational corporation, a movement of capital. However till now industrial integration, processes of creation of new forms of cooperation and the multinational corporation within the limits of Northeast Asia, from the point of view of many Mongolian authors, yet have not got necessary scales and темпов100. Meanwhile the multinational corporations, in particular, all operate on international scene more actively and act as the main motive power of globalisation. According to statistical data, in the world almost 95 % of patents and licences for the newest technics, new technologies, a know-how belong to these corporations. As it is underlined in report proon, independently not each country should develop vanguard technologies, but everyone should have potentsiap for use of advantages of new technologies and their adaptation to conditions of the economy. It is necessary to take into consideration also that circumstance, that the competition between economically integrated countries and other agents of the world market became a new reality of modern economy as marks, in particular, Leicester Turou. Leading economic blocks supervise a considerable part of global market space and create the systems of regulating certificates in trade sphere. By WTO rules each country should give all without an exception to the countries a most favoured nation treatment. But, for example, the USA do not give Brazil the same terms of trade what they give to Mexico as Mexico is a part of the free trade zone NAFTA, and Brazil is not its member. Thereupon the analysis of problems of integration gets special value for such small countries as Mongolia. It demands, first of all, analytical estimations of changes in geographical structure of their export. Unfortunately, raw branches, constitute till now a basis of intensive commercial relations of small underdeveloped countries with the advanced countries that transforms the first only into a resource segment of the world market, there is the main obstacle in a way of their development integration a cooperation within the limits of region. Changes in the international relations - one of the important objects of studying in the Mongolian social studies. It is especially possible to allocate increasing interest to internationalisation and globalisation of economic and a policy, and also culture. Behind it there are huge internal problems of the country. Before disintegration of the USSR Mongolia did not bear special responsibility for consequences of foreign policy of the socialist countries. It used their help, protection of its national safety was guaranteed by Soviet Union. After disintegration of the USSR the situation has sharply changed. Transition of foreign policy of Mongolia to independent decisions has caused to develop own relation to new tendencies in the international relations, first of all, to globalisation problems. Accordingly, the Mongolian scientists give to research of processes of globalisation, perhaps, not much less, than their Russian and Chinese colleagues, that is try to comprehend theoretically influence of globalisation on the country and its consequences, to compare conditions of trade and economic cooperation with Russia with the standard international conditions. But irritates Mongols, first of all, the practical side has put, for example, a question on how relations of Mongolia with Russia should develop, China, Japan, the United States of America and other powers during an epoch of modern globalisation. Discriminating lines of researches in Mongolia on this theme are: Substantiation of cautions against negative consequences of globalisation for underdeveloped countries; Recently globalisation is often treated as the new form of neo-colonialism; Scientists reproach the western powers with unwillingness in the worthy image to share the incomes with underdeveloped countries (the antiwestern rhetoric); In the Mongolian approaches the certain duality is observed: on the one hand, Mongolia condemns globalistskie West plans; on the other hand, she realises necessity to use fruits of globalisation for the decision of the internal problems following from problems of social and economic transformations. At the same time, recently in the Mongolian researches even more often there are statements, free from purely pragmatical interests, that is more theorised. Authors of the large monography «the World history. The XX-th century», for example, concentrate attention that unfortunately, in the world free market not all countries can participate, therefore require a special mode (approach) to them товарам101. Young Mongolian scientific M.Bat-Ulzy in the master's thesis considers, that globalisation process has objective character, being inevitable result of development of economic, strengthening mirohozjajstvennyh communications and proves own vision of the modern world from which follows, that globalisation is: Characteristic line and the leading tendency of a stage universalizatsii postindustrialno - the information society involving mankind in new tsivilizatsionnyj a stage of its development; Nonlinear and irreversible basically increase process miro integrity at a stage a trance of nationalisation of a life of all mankind; Communication "compression" of a planet, information vzaimopronikaemost and coherence; Nationalisation of many aspects of life of the world community of the world as consequence of rough scientific and technical progress; Process of formation of the global economy as which support the sector of transnational economic agents and actually self-sufficing financially-credit system acts; Formation of a world order of interdependence, post of the international and transnational relations in the increasing degree turning to mechanisms of the decision of problems growing together in a uniform organism человечества102. The definition of globalisation generated by the Mongolian author, in our opinion, rather adequately. By and large it represents an explanation of problems and results of globalisation though and expands the general representations about this process insufficiently, accepted by the majority of authors. A similar lack differ work and some other Mongolian researchers - they have unduly general character and do not treat globalisation from the point of view of participation in it of the countries with different levels popiticheskogo and social and economic development. More exact estimation of globalisation for the small countries, including it is concrete for Mongolia we find in works of the Mongolian academicians T.Namzhima, L.Tudeva, B.Baldo and some other. So, L.Tudev has made attempt to constitute balance of advantages and lacks gpobalizatsii, having revealed less than ten advantages and more than ten negative последствий103. The historian. Baldo considers globalisation through regional development of the countries Northeast Азии104. T.Namzhim names following positive signs of globalisation: • Manufacture of the high-quality goods, • Supply and demand growth, • Internationalisation of banks, • Effective utilisation of capitals of corporations, • Fast development of a transport infrastructure and tourism, • Universal use global information networks (Internet), • Satellite TV and other achievements scientifically - technical прогресса105. In practice Mongolia also recognises possibility and necessity to consider globalisation processes in internal and foreign policy. Politicians recognise, that «Changes in region and all over the world, in particular, in the leading countries, render both positive, and negative influence on our country». All branches of economy of Mongolia are subject to globalisation processes, globalisation - a primary factor causing safety and development of the country ». The changes occurring on international scene, especially in ATR, in political, financial and economic, military spheres and ecology, render direct and oposredstvovannoe influence to Mongolia. Progress and development of Mongolia inseparably linked with globalisation. As fast rates improve information technologies and communication, our foreign policy develops also, the role and participation in it of private persons and public organisations increases. Mongolia has reached quite good results in carrying out of large actions for a line of multilateral cooperation, including in the area of the United Nations. In 2001 the 40 anniversary of the introduction of Mongolia in the United Nations that has allowed to estimate a condition of cooperation with the United Nations and its organisations was noticed, to define directions and interaction frameworks the next years. The Prime minister of the country, addressing to 56th sessions of HECTARES of the United Nations (2001), has expressed a position of the government on some pressing questions of the international life. In particular, concerning struggle against terrorism, it has brought the offer - the first decade of a new century to declare decade of the concrete activity directed on maintenance of safety of the person taking into account special conditions of the small countries with problem economy and not having exit to морю106. Not having an input to the sea, Mongolia suffering from natural cataclysms has no possibilities to neutralise all adverse factors menacing to safety of the person. Besides poverty and unemployment, problems with public health services and social security, on it natural disasters - desertification, air pollution and waters, winter beskormitsa cattle, summer droughts and so forth Among negative factors also - malonaselennost territories, backwardness of an infrastructure, narrow specialisation of national economy influence. Mongolia aspires to provide safety of the person, leaning on vysokoobrazovannye shots, solving problems of the political and economic transformation. In whole its scientists and politicians attentively observes of the basic tendencies of development of the international relations, aspires to use them for strengthening of own position on a world scene. In the foreign policy the country is guided, first of all, by cooperation with the direct neighbours - Russia and China, but its gravitation aside more developed countries, as - those USA is obvious also. Japan. South Korea, member countries of the European union. The USA she often names the «the third neighbour». In it the rate on support from the leader of economic and a policy is obviously traced. It was even more defined after in 1995 Mongolia and the USA have made agreement about cooperation in the field of defence, and on October, 22nd, 2005 the Mongolian capital was visited with official visit by the Minister of Defence of the USA Donald Ramsfeld under the invitation of the Minister of Defence of Mongolia. At D.Ramsfeld's meeting with the Minister of Defence of Mongolia T.Sharavdorzhem questions of bilateral cooperation in the field of defence have been mentioned. The head of the Pentagon has highly appreciated participation of the Mongolian military men in peace-making operations. As he said, the Mongolian military men will be included in number 75 of thousand peacemakers which will be prepared within the limits of Fund of operations for the world in the world which creation is initiated by US president Dzh. Bush. He also promised to render the real help and support in increase of potential of armed forces of Mongolia from an American side. In particular, it was a question of carrying out of military doctrines for military men of two countries, about preparation of the Mongolian military men in the American military institutions. At a meeting with the president of Mongolia questions of development of cooperation in defensive sphere, rendering by an American side of the help in modernisation of the medical equipment of military hospital within the limits of the Mongolian military reform, improvement of professional skill of the Mongolian physicians, making agreement about free trade between two countries have been mentioned. After the Minister of Defence of the USA Mongolia was visited by their president Dzh. Bush - there has visited for the first time the operating head of the American administration. He named Mongolia «a democracy bastion» in the Asian region, and the United States - the third neighbour Mongolia after Russia and Китая107. It is necessary to notice, that the international authority of Mongolia raises because she declared the territory a denuclearized zone. Together with proon and other organisations of the United Nations there are begun researches in the field of risks and vulnerability of economy and ecology of Mongolia. The project of the decision is transferred to consideration of session of Hectares with the request for support from member countries of the United Nations of diplomatic efforts on strengthening of the denuclearized status of Mongolia. In these purposes she considers, that legal bases of this status can be fixed and in the multilateral treaty. Two neighbours, Russia and Mongolia, basically positively concern this инициативе108. Mongolia stirs up the activity on democracy strengthening, protection of human rights, creation of democratic authorities. It makes efforts creation of institutes of democracy. Its values are identical to values of others to the countries. It is confirmed with materials of many scientific discussions and seminars. For example, on June, 18-20th, 2003 in Mongolia the fifth conference on problems of the new and revived democracies which has given the chance to exchange experience in democracy strengthening at national and international levels has taken place. The main theme: «Democracy, worthy management and the future society». Mongolia became one of initiators of the International criminal court created in July, 1st, 2002, called to play the big role in strengthening of the legal environment in the world, preventive maintenance of offences, protection of justice and struggle against crimes against humanity. The government of Mongolia expresses firm determination to co-operate with other countries for intensive overcoming of the tests which have hung over all of us of global scale. Growth of the international authority of Mongolia is connected with changes in the international relations in the world as a whole. It reflects growth of attention of powers to problems of the small countries. However powers, obviously, use strengthening of mutual relations with this country and in the own purposes about what the London newspaper «Guardian» recently wrote: «the Natural consequence of active efforts of the USA on restraint and integration of China javpjaetsja constant American davpenie to Russia, rendered through the former Soviet satellites of Moscow» 109. Thus, researchers of the different countries not equally estimate influence of changes in a world policy to Mongolia. Mongolian scientists and politicians consider expansion of external relations of Mongolia by result of progressive transformations occurring there. The American heads aspire to use strengthening of relations with this country in own interests, for maintenance of image of the USA as the defender of democracy in Asia. Russia in the relations with Mongolia leant and continues to lean against the time-honoured relations with this country which never more was at war with it after disintegration of empire of Genghis Khan. To track evolution of the Russian-Mongolian relations in the XX-th century and in the beginning of new century, the author considers necessary to address to a historical background on which these relations began to develop.
<< | >>
A source: Dzhagneva O. A.. DEVELOPMENT of the Russian-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS: the BASIC DIRECTIONS, PROBLEMS And PROSPECTS (1921-2005) / the Dissertation / Elista. 2006

More on topic 1.2. New tendencies of development of the international life under the influence of globalisation in estimations of the Russian and Mongolian researchers:

  1. 3. The general tendencies of internationalisation and globalisation international civil lrotsessa
  2. the Basic legal tendencies of liberalisation of international trade in services in the conditions of market globalisation
  3. 2.1.0 new approaches to studying of development of the Soviet/Russian - Mongolian relations in first half of XX-th century
  4. § 1. Influence of processes of globalisation and transnatsionalizatsiimirovogo economy on cellular communication development.
  5. CHAPTER 1. ORIGIN And DEVELOPMENT of the CATEGORY of the OFFENCE In WORKS of the RUSSIAN RESEARCHERS (SECOND HALF XVIII - the BEGINNING of XX CENTURIES)
  6. Poles Paul Vladimirovich. Influence of globalisation on currency market development in Russia. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. Yaroslavl - 2007, 2007
  7. 2.3 Tendencies of development of branch and their influence on strategic management.
  8. globalisation influence on human rights
  9. Dzhagneva O. A.. DEVELOPMENT of the Russian-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS: the BASIC DIRECTIONS, PROBLEMS And PROSPECTS (1921-2005) / the Dissertation / Elista, 2006
  10. §2. Tendencies of development of international legal struggle against terrorism in the project of the Universal convention on the international terrorism
  11. 1.1. The basic tendencies of a direction of development of modern international relations