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1.1. A stage of accumulation of antiquities katakombnogo time for the Top Don (the third quarter of XIX century - the end of 50th of XX century)

The history of revealing and studying of monuments srednedonskoj katakombnoj in territory of the Top Don totals cultures of an epoch of bronze already more than hundred years. It leads the beginning from excavation kurgannogo a burial ground at with.

Novoselitsky (under the guidance of P.M.Eremenko), spent in the end of XIX century, also proceeds on present time. All history of research can be divided into three stages, in different degree important for accumulation and interpretation of the received data.

The stage offered to allocation is characterised by the beginning of accumulation of sources on an epoch of bronze of the Top Don and the first attempts of their ordering. Though it is enduring enough, we will notice, that the first researches had incidental character. The stage beginning is marked by excavation already mentioned above kurgannogo a burial ground at with. Novoselitsky (nowadays Terbunsky area of Lipetsk area): in 1895-1896 here under the guidance of P.M.Eremenko three embankments from 14 (Shulgin, 1906 have been dug out. With. 111) in which it has been studied two burials, concerning to katakombnoj to culture.

In 1910 by the Voronezh Scientific Archival Commission there have been begun works under Voronezhem on kurgannom a burial ground «Frequent barrows» which results have received subsequently world popularity. In 1911-1912, under the guidance of A.I.Martinovich, S.E.Zvereva, V.D.Jazykova, A.L.Dolsky two barrows have been dug out and 11 more is studied in 1915 (Zaharova, 2010. With. 19-20). Then in 1925

To year M.E.Foss and D.D.Leonov is investigated one, and in 1927 by V.A.Gorodtso-vym - four barrows (Zaharova, 2006. With. 156). In this burial ground, except burials of Scythian culture, it has been investigated and some burial places katakombnoj cultures of an epoch of bronze.

In 1912-1913 excavation kurgannogo a burial ground at is spent with. Kondra - shovka on the left coast of river Veduga under the guidance of M.P.Jurgenson. As a result of these works burial katakombnoj cultures (Liberov, 1964 has been studied also. With. 98).

Purposeful studying of settlements and burials katakombnoj cultures in forest-steppe podone has begun only in 1920th years. The first regular material from household monuments became known as a result of excavation of a series of slavic sites of ancient settlement on rr. Don and Voronezh P.P.Efimenko and P.N.Tretjakovym. The most essential certificates are received from settlement in natural boundary Erik (the left coast of the river Voronezh), where P.P.Efimenko in a layer exposure has tracked the basis of a foundation ditch of dwelling and the centre rests, which presence has allowed it to draw a conclusion on strong settled way of life of the population which have left settlement (Efimenko, 1934. With. 47). The researcher also has concluded, that for the early period of an epoch of bronze settlements on high capes, instead of inundated (Efimenko, 1934 are more characteristic. With. 53).

After the Great Patriotic War of research with a small break have been continued: in the late forties expedition of the Voronezh state university (head A.N.Moskalenko) starts detailed studying of pool of Don. A.N.Moskalenko's investigations on the top Don had been revealed some settlements katakombnoj cultures on the river Voronezh: in area Novolipetska, settlement of Tractor factory, with.

Karamyshevo and a number of others (Moskalenko, 1949). The Most interesting, in our opinion, is the monument at d. Nikolsky on the river Don. Researchers differently interpreted the materials received on it: A.N.Moskalenko here had been revealed fragments of ceramics and some the whole vessels abashevskoj and katakombnoj cultures, and also the numerous rests of human bones and skulls upon which presence the conclusion has been drawn on existence on this place of a burial ground (Moskalenko, 1950). After P.D.Liberov connected it only with settlement (Liberov, 1964. With. 106, 114). Then A.D.Prjahin has correlated it with a soil burial ground abashevskoj and katakombnoj cultures, along with settlement abashevskoj cultures (Prjahin, 1971. With. 93). Materials katakombnoj cultures from this monument have not been published in full volume and its further researches have not been continued, that until recently represented certain complexity in its more objective treatment. In 20052006, 2010 on the given archaeological object have been spent by G.L.Zemtsov and the author of the present research of work (Zemtsov, 2005; Ivashov, 2006; 2010) which results will be presented in IV head of the given work.

In 1954 P.D.Liberovym (expedition of news agency AN of the USSR) had been continued the excavation of a Scythian burial ground begun before revolution «Frequent barrows» (Zaharova, 2008. With. 63) where for two field seasons (1954-1955) it has been studied six embankments, containing burial places abashevskoj cultures, and also burials (Liberov, 1964. With. 11-22), correlated later with the Voronezh culture (Besedin, 1986).

The formation beginning istochnikovoj bases pawns scientific interest to problems of an epoch of bronze that was reflected in occurrence of first articles with attempt of judgement of the received materials. In the late twenties monuments katakombnoj cultures on Average Don have been carried by B.A.Latyninym to srednedonskomu (or Voronezh) to a variant katakombnoj cultures, and in 1934 there is P.P.Efimenko's already mentioned article (Efimenko, 1934).

The major mark at the given stage is G.V.Podgaetskogo's dissertational work «the Prescythian period on Average Don» (Archive IIMK of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 35. Op. 2, d. 12) over which it worked in the late thirties - the beginning of 40th years. However its theses have been published only in 1946, unfortunately, already after death of the researcher (Podgaetsky, 1946). In its work there is variety of important points which bring an intermediate result to the first stage of history of studying katakombnoj cultures podonja:

- First, G.V.Podgaetsky has agreed with B.A.Latynina's argument in favour of allocation srednedonskogo a variant katakombnoj cultures and has given it the characteristic, using results of the analysis not only funeral, but also household monuments. In its opinion, the lines constituting its specificity, were: frequent use of wooden designs in catacombs, considerable distribution of burials to the simple soil holes, primary position died on left to the side a head on the south. Household monuments have been divided by it into two types - on their arrangement on a high plateau and in pojme;

- Secondly, he has offered for the first time definition of territory of distribution of monuments katakombnoj cultures from the Oryol area (modern Yelets area of Lipetsk area) in the north to a line Volgograd-Lugansk in the south; from the rivers Severski Donetss and Oskol in the west to a left bank of Don in the east;

- Thirdly, G.V.Podgaetsky has noted considerable affinity srednedonskih katakombnyh monuments Donetsk, having drawn a conclusion about their cultural relationship. At the same time, he has tried to isolate discriminating lines srednedonskih materials - presence of the fighting axes having northern fatjanovskie analogies, bolshee variety of forms of vessels and specificity of their ornament, feature of a funeral ceremony etc. It has allocated also four groups of vessels srednedonskoj katakombnoj cultures: 1) big shirokogorlye pots with a high nimbus and extended tulovom; 2) stocky pots with a high nimbus; 3) bikonicheskie pots; 4) pots with the low, smoothly unbent nimbus without accurately expressed plechika (Podgaetsky, 1946. With. 134-136).

G.V.Podgaetsky has made the assumption, that for srednedonskogo katakombnogo the population was characteristic both motyzhnoe agriculture, and pastusheskoe cattle breeding. As to bronze products, that, in its opinion, the population srednedonskoj katakombnoj cultures received them through an interbreeding exchange with North Caucasian inhabitants (Podgaetsky, 1946. With. 137).

During this period allocated with us there is a definition of a place of monuments of average bronze as within territory of Average and Top Don, and the East Europe forest-steppe as a whole. In particular process of allocation of variants katakombnoj the cultures, in general planned P.S.Rykovym (roars, 1927), B.A.Latyninym and G.V.Podgaetskim (Podgaetsky, 1939; 1946), has been continued and added by M.I.Artamonov (Artamonov, 1949) and O.A.Krivtsovoj-Grakovoj (Krivtsov-Grakova, 1955). Most accurately and full cultural-territorial partitioning is expressed in T.B.popovoj's researches: in 1955 there is its monography where cultural-territorial partitioning katakombnoj cultures is in detail considered, three stages of its existence and six local variants (popova, 1955 are allocated. With. 67-68). In particular, monuments forest-steppe Under - nja it carries to the harkovsko-Voronezh variant katakombnoj cultures (popova, 1955. With. 76).

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A source: Ivashov Maxim Valentinovich. MONUMENTS KATAKOMBNOGO of TIME ON the TOP Don. 2014

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