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1.2.2. History of occurrence of Russian medical terminology

Process of formation and development of medical terminology in Russia is object historical terminovedenija. The knowledge of history of formation of concrete branch terminology allows to estimate objectively processes, characteristic for the present, to observe of process terminoobrazovanija in dynamics, reveals features and ways of a nomination, specificity of selection of word-formation means, use of certain models at formation of terms.

«For the first time medical terms have been collected and written down Gippokratom (V century BC) . What sources used Gippokrat, we do not know. It is known, that he has visited many countries of the world for the purpose of acquaintance with medicine »[SHpak 1961: 9]. In a basis of psychology of person Gippokrat has put so-called« the theory of liquids »which existed till XIX century when the cellular theory of illnesses has scientifically been proved. Gippokrat considered, that in a body of the person contains four liquids: gema - blood, a phlegm - mokrota, hole - yellow bile, melanija - black bile. Change of a parity of these liquids at the person, according to Gippokrata, led to illness and defined its temperament [SHpak 1961: 10]. Theory Gippokrata has found the reflexion and in some terms designating the names of illnesses. For example, in the name of illness a melancholy (from grech. melancholia) directly it is underlined surplus of black bile in an organism, as was considered as an aetiology. The withdrawal from this theory has begun a new stage of development of medicine - scientific medicine and, accordingly, to changes in terminology of illnesses: terms disappeared or changed. It is necessary to notice, that changes not always concerned the external form of the term, sometimes there was a change only its maintenances. So, the term the melancholy which was used in medicine of XIX century, continues to exist in modern MT, has a synonym depression endogennaja, but its external cover already in any way does not specify in an aetiology.

«Formation Russian scientific MT directly is connected with occurrence in Russia of the higher school, and also with development of a publishing house and distribution of the translation scientific literature to XVIII century» [Abramova 2003: 34]. Hospital schools - the first higher medical educational institutions in Russia where prepared highly skilled doctors for army and fleet. They have been organised at the initiative of Peter I, their history begins since 1707 It there was a new type of educational institutions on the basis of large hospitals where training of the future doctors was carried out practically, with paramount training of surgery. Doctors-foreigners in Latin language (less often - Dutch and German) taught there. Among them were such which asserted, that Russian are not capable to acquire an extensive knowledge necessary for the doctor, therefore it is necessary to type students-foreigners. « For all XVIII century of degree of the doctor of medicine 89 Russian and 309 foreign doctors »[Lisitsyn 2015: 118] are awarded. But Peter I ordered to prepare Russian doctors, therefore students began to type from among pupils of Slavjano-Greek-Latin academy and schools of spiritual department who in perfection knew the Greek and Latin languages. Comprehension of necessity of formation has gradually come to Russia national medicine, and for this purpose it was required to pass to Russian. In this connection there was a necessity for formation of medical terminology in Russian.

Especially sharply terminology was necessary for Russian doctors-teachers.« Teaching of medical disciplines in Russian was possible only under condition of working out of domestic terminology. Therefore many outstanding Russian doctors became simultaneously translators and philologists »[Abdullaev 2015: 1085].

In 1757 in Russia there was a first translation product in Russian (M.I.Sheyin has translated «the Reduced anatomy, all business anatomic it is short in itself concluding» L.Gejstera). «M.Sheyin has done huge philological work, looking for equivalents to Latin names» [Kostyuk 1986: 84]. The author selected these equivalents from a national language: some terms existed in language of national medicine, others it
Created itself, using language means. The history of Russian medical terminology from now on begins: Russian doctors create, select or choose terms. In 1764 the Medical board recognised equality of Russian and German of languages in teaching at hospital schools. In 1859-1860 it was authorised to defend dissertations in Russian. By this time in Russia numerous manuals in Russian which we study in our work have been published. However Latin language very reluctantly gave way to Russian and «till 1866 Russian civil and military pharmacopoeias were published in Latin language. Histories of illnesses in second half XIX centuries were conducted in Latin language» [Chernyavsky 2007: 35]. In medical texts of XIX century very often there are translated words and expressions from Latin language.

In history of domestic surgical terminology some scientists allocate two epoch: « The first, or an era of formation of professional language of surgeons - from an antiquity till second half XIX century, and the second - modern surgical terminology - from second half XIX century and up to now »[Makarov 2015: 4]. In sphere of terminology of illnesses it is possible to offer other classification, considering as the beginning of its formation of XVIII century when in Russia the medical science which has started to use Russian was generated. This period of terminology of illnesses is characterised by that all Greek-Latin names of illnesses have been translated into Russian. The first doctors-translators of Latin texts often are authors of many terms. The second, intermediate, it is possible to allocate with a stage of development of terminology of illnesses XIX century - the period during which there was a process of selection of terms. During this period in texts are actively used not only the terms formed by means of Russian, but also there is a big number of the borrowed terms. The coexistence of terms of a different origin is observed, during this period there is the greatest quantity of synonyms for a designation of illnesses. Before authors of the text any more there is no problem of selection of an equivalent to the Latin term, and costs
Problem of a choice of the term (between Russian-speaking synonyms or between the term of Russian origin and borrowed). The third period - a modern condition of terminology which is characterised by absolute prevalence in language of medicine of terms of a Greek-Latin origin and the terms made from Greek-Latin terminoelementov.

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A source: Budanova Natalia Aleksandrovna. DEVELOPMENT of MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY In RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE of SECOND HALF XIX CENTURY (on a material of names of illnesses). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2018. 2018

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