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a microfield «Speech activity»

The lexical units characterising the person on its propensity/nesklonnosti to dialogue enter into a microfield «Speech activity», and also on features of speech and speech behaviour. The person on its propensity to dialogue is characterised by the lexemes making two antonymous microfields of lower level «Loving dialogue» and «not loving dialogue».

The microfield «Loving dialogue» includes 139 lexical units. The microfield kernel is made by literary lexemes sociable, importunate, talkative, talkative, a gossip, having integrated to this «loving dialogue», but differing differential semami.

The sociable, sociable person reprezentiruetsja in the Tver dialects lexemes human, human, ljudimyj, ljudivyj, collective, poljudnyj (6 lexical units, all adektivy).

Annoying, importunate, unduly sociable person reprezentirujut lexemes dokuchnik, annoying, zvjaga, zvjagalo, zundilo, koben, lipun, luda, tinned, lyska, mozolnik, nabivonja, nabivoha, nabivuha, nabojnyj, nabivshchik, nabojchivyj, nabojchistyj, persuasive, nadoednyj, importunate, pressure head, naskuka, annoying, настьірник, neotstup, persistent, oblipa, postupa, priviva, prilepshchik, stuck, pristavun, pristegaj, skobel, pitch, soven, uvjazchivyj (37 lexical units: 26 substantivov, 11 adektivov).

The talkative person reprezentiruetsja in the Tver dialects lexemes bazarnik, baklok, balabon, balaboha, balakuchy, baraboha, baraboshka, barabulja, bargatunja, bessovestnik, chatter, boltuchy, boltushnyj, boronuha, told lies, brehlivyj, spoke, govoristyj, govoritel, govoruha, gomonjuha, gutarlivyj, gundorka, dolgojazygky, duroplyot, zhelobojka, kaljakala, karkusha, a bell, bells, kolokolka, kolokolok, banged, koltovka, koltovnja, koltok, kostishna, l.al.b і, le§lar, leskotun, leskotuha, loskotun, loskotuha, loskobojka, lopoten, lopotlivyj, lopotun, lopotuha, ljapun, ljasa, melila, ground, молотьіга, obakula, omoloten, pletun, pustobryoh, the gas-bag, pustozvonnyj,
pustomatnyj, pustol§ga, pustomol, pustoplyot, the idle talker, rastabara, talkative, skolotuha, shchelkun (52 lexical units: 46 substantivov, 6 adektivov).

Gossip in the Tver dialects reprezentirujut lexemes buhvostka, bahvbsshka, buhvostnik, долгоязьічница, durnoplyotka, zhalobovnik, zubochyos, koloushnik, molotilnja, nahvostnik, nahvostnitsa, oblygga, oblygala, okulnik, okulnitsa, ostrohvostka, ohvostka, perevoden, perevodok, perevodina, peremelshchik, pletun, pletuha, pletuhan, podhvostitsa, posevshchik, pripletala, a report, smusta, smutolok, spleten, treplu'ha (33 lexical units, all substantivy).

Zone of crossing of microfields «Loving dialogue» and «Inclined to a deceit» lexemes, reprezentirujushchie create the talkative person which are used in the Tver dialects also in value ‘ the liar ’, reflecting affinity of concepts existing in national representation "verbosity" and "falsity". Balaboha - ‘ the false, talkative person ’. Balaboha is a liar on - ours [Seliger 1, 26]. Bessovestnik - ‘ the liar, the talker ’ [In the same place, 43], told lies - ‘ the one who grinds a nonsense ’ and ‘ the liar ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 37].

A lexeme pletunobladaet diffusion of value. Semy "talkative", "false" and "gossip" unite in structure of lexical value in such a manner that to allocate the basic to this it is not obviously possible. Mnoga gavarit, obmanyvait, to another transfers, here and pletun. People who say lies, are talkers or pljatuny. They like to talk, talk nineteen to the dozen [Seliger 4, 390]. In a zone of crossing of the given microfields lexemes, reprezentirujushchie a gossip settle down also. Sema «speaking a lie» there is at a nuclear lexeme a gossip - ‘ the one who extends gossips ’ [MAS 4, 226]. A gossip - ‘ hearing about someone, something, based on inexact or obviously incorrect, deliberately invented data ’ [In the same place]. Lexemes okulnik, okulnitsa function in the Tver dialects in values ‘ the liar ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 69] and ‘ a gossip ’ [In the same place]; oblygga, oblygala - ‘ the deceiver, the liar, a gossip ’ [In the same place, 68].

During the motivational analysis the basic motives in nominations of the given microfield have been revealed. For nominations of the sociable person the motive of a finding among people is characteristic. So, nouns the person, people are lexical motivatorami nominations human, human, ljudimyj, ljudivyj, poljudnyj. An adjective collective motivirovano the noun artel used in the Tver dialects in value ‘ group of people, gathered ’. Maids all artel gather for conversation [Seliger 1, 18].

For the lexemes characterising unduly sociable, importunate person, one of the cores is the motive of a finding nearby. It sticks with conversations (pristavun), is persistent follows the interlocutor (neotstup, postupa) as if fastened (pristegaj), it is twisted behind it (priviva). Private motive sticky in nominations of the importunate person lipun, oblipa, prilepshchik, stuck also realises through motive of a finding nearby. The same motive is present at a figurative nomination pitch. About such person say, that it has stuck, as bannyj sheet, as an elbow to a side, as a fly to honey, as sulphur to a knot, etc.

The motive of unpleasant sensations also is characteristic for nominations of the importunate person. Dialogue with such person causes in the interlocutor disappointment (‘ irritation, displeasure, the affliction caused than-l. ’ [MAS 1.434]) and boredom (‘ a condition of sincere languor, despondency, melancholy from idleness or absence of interest to surrounding ’ [In the same place 4, 125]) - annoying, dokuchnik, naskuka. The motive of unpleasant sensations can be realised in private motive of a beating. So, lexemes possessing by the transparent internal form nabivonja, nabivoha, nabivuha, nabojnyj, nabivshchik, nabojchivyj, nabojchistyj, motivatorom which the verb is lexical to jam in value ‘ to thrust, become attached ’ [MAS 2, 326], characterise the person who jams in interlocutors irrespective of desire of associates. The motive of a beating is realised and in nominations luda and tinned. In the Tver dialects a verb to tin matters ‘ to beat, bang ’ [KGTO] [SRNG 17, 180]. For motive realisation

Unpleasant sensations various images are used. Metaphoricalness of a lexeme mozolnik allows to compare the feelings arising at dialogue with such person, to the physical sufferings caused, for example, by inconvenient footwear or tiresome work. Compare posl. neotvjazchiv, as a nail in a boot. The lexeme skobel contains figurative treatment of the importunate person as capable at dialogue to cause almost physical pain. Here value ‘ the persuasive person ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 88] is formed as a result of metaphorical carrying over. In a direct sense skobel is ‘ the tool in the form of a knife with handles on the ends for sdiranija korys logs and their primary obstrugivanija ’ [MAS 4, 112]. Lexemes zvjaga, zvjagalo, motivirovannye a dialect verb zvjagat, i.e. ‘ to bark not ceasing; to bother with bark ’ [SRNG 11, 225], contain comparison of the importunate person with annoyingly barking dog.

The motivation sign «a sound, noise» underlies the majority of lexemes, reprezentirujushchih the talkative person, motivirovannyh speech verbs (colloquial, colloquial and dialect). Baklok, balakuchy - from verbs bakat, balakat, i.e. ‘ to stir ’, balabon, balaboha, baraboha, baraboshka, barabulja - derivative of a verb balabolit and its phonetic variants balabonit, barabolit, barabonit in which basis lays zvukopodrazhanie [Fasmer 1, 112-113]. The motive of noise is present at nominations lopoten, lopotlivyj, lopotun, lopotuha, motivirovannyh a verb to mutter, having in the Tver dialects of value ‘ to speak in vain, to stir ’ and ‘ to ring, rustle ’. It to [cows] hand bells adhered to a neck, that muttered [Seliger 3, 222]. The motivation sign "noise" also is realised in a nomination shchelkun - from to click, i.e. ‘ to make short, abrupt sounds ’ [MAS 4, 741]; leskotun, leskotuha, motivirovannyh a dialect verb leskotat, having in the Tver dialects value ‘ to knock, clap; to click a whip ’ [KGTO]; loskotun, loskotuha, motivirovannyh a verb loskotat, used in the Tver dialects in values ‘ to stir, speak in vain ’, and also ‘ to sing, chirp (about a bird) ’, ‘ to buzz, publish sounds (about insects) ’, ‘ to rustle, potter (about rats) ’, ‘ to jingle, tap, creak ’ [Seliger 4, 224]. Lexemes told lies,
brehlivyj, formed from a verb to tell lies, having major importance ‘ to bark ’ [MAS 1, 115], and karkusha - from to croak allow to compare empty speech of the talkative person not bearing to any considerable information to "speech" of animals. The motive of a sound, noise is realised in figurative comparison of the talkative person with a ringing bell in lexemes with the transparent internal form a bell, bells, kolokolka, kolokolok.

Besides motive of a sound, noise for nominations of the talkative person the motive of movement is actual. Literary lexemes the talker, talkative and word-formation dialecticisms chatter, boltuchy, boltushnyj motivirovany a verb to stir, having values ‘ to speak ’ and ‘ to do movements here and there or back and forth ’ [MAS 1, 105]. motivatorom lexemes koltovka, koltovnja, koltok the dialect verb koltat is lexical, having values ‘ to speak, talk, stir ’ and ‘ to swing, kolyhat; to sway; to shake ’ [SRNG 14, 196]. Excessive talkativeness, garrulity in national consciousness is closely connected with language movement that proves to be true paremicheskimi data. Compare proverbs Language vorochatsja, to talk it would be desirable. The cow a tail twirls by language, that. Language - a millstone, grinds, that on it has got. Language, that pomelom carries. Lace language spins. Communication in consciousness dialektonositelej garrulities with excessive mobility of language which at the talkative person «beats, grinds, twirls, spins» and makes other active actions, proves to be true presence of motive of action in nominations pustomol, ground, melila, motivirovannyh a verb to grind (‘ to make small, split up ’ [MAS 2, 293]); boronuha - from a verb to harrow (‘ to loosen, process a harrow the ploughed earth ’ [In the same place 1, 108]). Lexemes pletun, pustoplyot motivirovany a verb to spin, i.e. ‘ intertwining strips, threads, to connect them in a single whole ’ [In the same place 3, 140]. Lexical motivatorami nominations omoloten, molotygga, banged, skolotuha verbs are to bang ‘ to strike, knock ’ [In the same place 2, 77] and to thresh, important ‘ to strike, bang ’ [In the same place 293]. At once two verbs with value ‘ to beat ’ motivirovana the lexeme loskobojka - a literary verb to beat and
Dialect loskat (in the Tver dialects - ‘ to beat, strike blows ’ [KGTO] [SRNG 17, 151]). Conformable to it a word zhelobojka also motivirovano a verb to beat. The first part of this difficult word, possibly, connected with dialect zhelnit (with the subsequent loss "n") is interesting. This verb is used in Russian dialects in value ‘ to bother with incessant conversations, to repeat same ’ [SRNG 9, 108]. In the Tver dialects the lexeme zhelna designates a wood bird. The bird zhelna the black hollows trees, as a woodpecker [Seliger 2, 77]. zoomorfnaja the metaphor contains figurative comparison a lot of the speaking person with a bird, incessantly knocking a beak on a tree trunk.

The somatic motivation sign is present at some nominations of the talkative person. So, language underlies a nomination with the transparent internal form - dolgojazygky; the bottom jaw (in the Tver dialects laly [SRNG 16, 252]) - at the heart of nominations lala, and lalar.

The motive of emptiness is realised in a number of lexemes of an investigated microfield. Difficult words with the first root it is empty - (pustobryoh, the gas-bag, pustozvonnyj, pustomatnyj, pustol§ga, pustomol, pustoplyot) brightly characterise the person loving empty, empty conversations.

In nominations of a gossip one of the cores is the motive of weaving. A number of lexemes is word-formation dialecticisms: pripletala, spleten, pletuha, pletuhan, pletun, durnoplyotka. As well as literary a gossip, they motivirovany a verb to spin, i.e. ‘ intertwining strips, threads, to connect them in a single whole ’ [MAS 3, 140]. In motive of weaving representation about the nature of gossips is reflected: collecting the information, being interested in private life of others, the gossip transfers it in the interpretation, partly domyslivaja, and thus creates new "whole".

The motive of moving also is characteristic for nominations of a gossip as information carrier. perevoden, perevodok, perevodina are formed from a dialect verb to translate in value ‘ to gossip ’ [SRNG 26, 55], motivirovannom major importance of this verb - ‘ to move from one place to another, to have in other place ’ [MAS 3, 51].

Somatic motivation signs are present at lexemes with the transparent internal form dolgojazgky, zubochyos and koloushnik. Private motives of the long tongue, a scratched teeth, findings about ears in nominations of a gossip reflect figurative thinking dialektonositelej. motivatorom of some lexemes of an investigated microfield the noun a tail is lexical: buhvostka, buhvostnik, nahvostnitsa, nahvostnik, ostrohvostka, ohvostka. In dictionary Dalja the tail is everything, that ‘ the Distance 4, 546] is dragged behind, like priveska ’ [. In the same place we meet a tail in value ‘ a gossip, pereskazchik, a carrier ’ and tails in value ‘ gossips ’. Figurative representation about the person bringing gossips as if the tail, is realised and in known fairy tales about soroke, carrying news on a long tail.

The person carrying gossips, is nominated and by result of the activity. The gossip sows quarrels - posevshchik [the HARDWARE 4, 80], it a distemper source (‘ contention, rasprja ’ [MAS 4, 159]) - smusta [the HARDWARE 4, 91], smutolok [In the same place Dalja the distemper is defined as action on a verb to confuse, i.e. ‘ to quarrel with whom to lodge contention, to do gossips, slanders of distempers ’ [the Distance 4, 238]. motivatorami lexemes okulnik/-itsa and obakula dialect adverbs obakul, okul, okuliv value ‘ nearby ’ are lexical. Okultno obakula speak beside the point, and "nearby", i.e. bending, muddling the information.

The antonymous microfield «not loving dialogue» includes 39 lexical units (26 substantivov, 13 adektivov). The nuclear part of a microfield is made by literary lexemes unsociable, unsociable, silent, the taciturn person, reticent. Integrated sema "unsociable" is present at all lexemes of the central area of a microfield, as causes their occurrence in an investigated microfield, however additional semy in structure of lexical values allow to group them as follows.

Value ‘ the unsociable, reticent person ’ reprezentirujut beech lexemes, molchsn, molchuha, neljuda, is unsociable, neljudimik, neljudimok, neljud, neman, nemchura, nerazgovoriha, nerazgovorchistyj, nesgovorlivyj, redkoslovnyj, redkobasenn yj.

Additional semy "gloomy" and "severe" is contained by lexemes buksh, vatruh, vatrjah, gmygra, gmyr, gmygrja, komjaga, mamonja, nura, pohmury. Lexemes еміра, gmyrja, gmyrastyj, gmyrjastyj contain also semy "sensitive" and "haughty". Gmyra, the sensitive person. Gmyrjastyj the grandson, vzbuchitsja as the bull costs, costs, as gmyrja. Gmyrjastaja has gone, anybody Seliger 1, 176] does not greet [.

Additional sema "silent" contains in a lexeme smolchok - ‘ the silent person who is getting off with silence ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 91]. Sema "reserved" is present at values of lexemes potihonistyj, potihonja - ‘ the silent, silent, reserved person "[In the same place, 81]. The lexeme komjaga possesses in the Tver dialects diffuznym value ‘ about the avaricious or severe, gloomy person ’ [In the same place, 55]. Lexemes kozhemjak, kozhemjaka have values ‘ the rough, unsociable person ’ and ‘ the miser ’ [In the same place, 53]. A lexeme sgubina function in the Tver dialects in values ‘ the latent, closed person ’ and ‘ the avaricious person ’ [In the same place, 87].

In crossings of the given microfield with microfields «Behaviour in society» and «the Relation to material assets» representations about the various character traits of the person forcing it to avoid of dialogue with people - gloom, severity, avarice, arrogance, sensitivity, shyness, reserve are reflected.

The motivational analysis of a microfield has shown, that for nominations of the unsociable, reticent person the core is the motive of silence. Verbs to talk, speak, be silent, an adjective mute motivirovany word-formation dialecticisms molchln, molchuha, smolchok, neman, nemchura!, nerazgovorchistyj, nesgovorlivyj. The motive of silence also is realised in nominations potihonja, potihonistyj, motivirovannyh by an adjective silent in value ‘ executed silences, silence ’ [MAS 4, 368]. The Same motive is staticized in lexemes with the transparent internal form redkoslovnyj and redkobasennyj, characterising the silent person.

The motive of a finding out of a human society, also actual for an investigated microfield, is realised in nominations reticent,
The silent person not located to people: neljuda, neljudimik, neljudimok, neljud. The Same motive implitsitno is present at figurative nominations of a beech, bukan, motivatorom which names mythological beings are semantic. Beech lexemes, bukan have in Russian dialects value ‘ a fantastic fright of which usually frighten children ’ [SRNG 3, 262]. The value formed as a result of metaphorical carrying over ‘ the gloomy, unsociable person ’ reflects figurative comparison of the unsociable person with unpleasant and even the terrible fantastic character.

Motivation sign for a number of nominations of a microfield is appearance of the unsociable person - unfriendly, gloomy, gloomy. Lexemes gmygra, gmyr, gmygrja, gmyrastyj, gmyrjastyj motivirovany a dialect verb gmyritsja, i.e. ‘ to become angry or take offence ’. gmyritsja - to pout, take offence [Seliger 1, 176]. All of them, as well as etymologically related it a word-formation dialecticism pohmuryj, characterise in the Tver dialects of the gloomy, gloomy person. An image of the unsociable, gloomy, angry or offended person here it is associative it is connected with image of a dark cloud. At Dalja the verb gmyritsja - ‘ to frown, pasmuritsja about weather ’ [the Distance 1, 350], hmara - ‘ a dark cloud ’, hmor, hmora - ‘ crude, wet weather, a fog with a rain ’ [the Distance 4, 554]. The noun nura - ‘ the silent, gloomy person ’ [the HARDWARE 4,66] - motivirovano a verb nurit, having in the Tver dialects value ‘ to grieve, grieve ’ [KGTO] [SRNG 21, 316]. The literary adjective means the dejected ‘ with sadly lowered head, shoulders, sad, sad ’ [MAS 3, 290].

At all named lexemes is present negative konnotatsija, that reflects representation Tver dialektonositelja about the unsociable person as about breaking norms of behaviour irrespective of the reasons inducing it to evade from dialogue. However obvious asymmetry of in a quantitative sense considered microfields «Loving dialogue» and «Unloving dialogue» (approximately 139:39) gives representation about degree of an urgency of each investigated quality for the Tver carriers of a dialect.

Various features of speech and speech behaviour of the person also receive language markirovannost in the Tver dialects. The microfield «Features of speech and speech behaviour» includes 119 lexical units. The nuclear part of a microfield is represented by literary lexemes eloquent, loud, grumbling, the grumbler, impudent, rough, the rude fellow, the mocker, captious.

In the Tver dialects of the person which knows much and is able to speak beautifully, reprezentirujut lexemes: balagurnyj, basyona, basky, bahir, bahora, bajukon, naslovistyj, orataj, otgovorshchitsa, pobasyonnik, pobasyonnitsa, prikladchivyj, chastogovorchivyj, chistogovorchistyj (14 lexical units: 8 substantivov, 7 adektivov).

Value ‘ loud ’ lexemes galdyozhnik, gorlatyj, gorlopaj, gorlopajka, the bawler, gorlopanja, gorlun, zevlastyj, zyopala, a crowd, the shouter, krikusha, poklikuha, krikuha, orun, polohllo, razzepaj, sikljaha, vizglinka, zharodok, zharo§tok, a bell), rozeven, sekatuha, sobarnik, bazarnik (have 26 lexical units: 24 substantiva, 2 adektiva).

The grumbling person reprezentirujut lexemes brezga brezgotun, brezgotunja, brezgotuha, bubnilo, vorkoten, a rodent, a hernia, gundila, zundilo, klusha, skolotuha, sljunjaj (13 lexical units, all substantivy).

The fan to laugh, play a trick on someone in conversation, to imitate the interlocutor in the Tver dialects characterise words ashchaul/, ashchaulnik/-nitsa, zuboskalka, ozojnik, a faint, a faint, obmorot, osmeshnik, peredyorshchik, peredyorshchitsa, pereliza, posmeshnitsa, a whistle, smehotnik (15 lexical units, all substantivy).

polisemant obmorot and phonetic variants the faint, a faint meet in the Tver dialects in values ‘ the mocker, the clown ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 68], ‘ the confused person ’ [In the same place], ‘ the liar, the deceiver ’ [In the same place] [Seliger 4, 179], forming zones of crossing microfields "Silly" and «Capable to a deceit».

The lexeme ozojnik meets in the Tver dialects in values ‘ the mocker ’ and ‘ the impudent person, the rude fellow, the impudent fellow ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 69]. In such affinity of semantic registers
"Mocker" and "rude fellow" finds reflexion a fragment of the objective validity in which happens difficult to spend accurate border between a joke and roughness.

Lexemes with value ‘ rough, impudent, impudent ’ ozaristyj, biting, zavernjaj, rugatel, nekidistyj, ohalnik, nahalnik, ozovernik, ozojnik, kashjushnik, sobarnik, odyor, peregrgza (13 lexical units: 10 substantivov, 3 adektiva). As roughness is a negative character trait which is shown and in speech, and behaviour lexemes, reprezentirujushchie the rough, impudent person, form a zone of crossing with a microfield «Behaviour in society».

Also the zone of crossing with a microfield «Behaviour in society» is made by the lexemes characterising the person, inclined to carp at someone or to something: captious, prideristyj, pridiriha, priedchivyj, podkovyrchivyj, natjazhnyj, vjazga (7 lexical units: 2 substantiva, 5 adektivov).

Other features of speech behaviour are presented in the Tver dialects much by smaller quantity of lexemes, and many dialect words have no brief synonyms in a literary language. The person disclosing secrets, not able to hold secret, reprezentiruetsja lexemes objavshchik [the HARDWARE 4, 69], rashlyoba, disentangle [In the same place, 85], vynosnik [Seliger 1, 151]. Vynosnik is a traitor who takes out words, even from our State Duma [In the same place]. Obliza - ‘ the one who much and without a respite speaks ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 67], obrezuha - ‘ very brisk person on the language which is not giving to anybody to say a word ’ [In the same place, 68], prostgnishcha - ‘ the person who is not able in time to become silent ’ [In the same place, 82], a mistake - ‘ the one who speaks inconsistently or inattentively ’ [In the same place, 59]; najdoha, otgovorchivyj, otgovorshchik/-tsa - ‘ the resourceful person on words ’ [In the same place, 62, 71]; otkovgrchivyj - ‘ after a long thought resourceful on a sharpness ’ [In the same place, 72]; slabky - ‘ not capable to be kept from zadavanija questions ' [In the same place, 90], the Karelian - ‘ the one who speaks incorrectly or not clearly ’ [KGTO].'chelovek, reminding to someone about something ’ - nadoumok [the HARDWARE 4, 62]; ‘ the person, speaking humourous catchphrases ’
- prikladchivyj [In the same place, 81]; ‘ the fan to tell jokes ’ - pobasyonnik [In the same place, 76]; ‘ knowing it is a lot of songs and able well to sing ’ - krasnopevets/-itsa [In the same place, 56].

Lexemes ragoza - ‘ loving to tell fables ’ [In the same place, 83] and the sweet tooth - ‘ laskorechivaja, the flattering woman ’ [In the same place, 90] form a zone of crossing with a microfield «Capable to a deceit». «Features of speech behaviour» and «Distinctive physical features» are In a zone of crossing of microfields the lexemes characterising the person on physical features of speech - to defects of diction, features of a voice, etc. the German, the German, немтьіш, nemsha, nemuha - ‘ the mute person ’ [Seliger 4, 116, 117], shepeljaj - shepeljavyj the person [the HARDWARE 4, 30], kartaj - ‘ kartavyj ’ [In the same place, 9], hripun - ‘ the one who hoarsely speaks ’ [In the same place, 30], zaikastik, zaiklivyj [In the same place 8], zaikastyj, zaikatyj [Seliger 2, 117] - ‘ the one who suffers stutter ’.

Let's consider the lexemes which are a part of a microfield, in motivational aspect. Through motive in nominations of the given microfield is the motive of a sound. So a verb bajat - ‘ to speak ’ [MAS 1, 66] - is lexical motivatorom lexemes basyona, basky, ббіхнрь, bahora, bakzhon. Dialect verbs of speech balakat [SRNG 2, 70] and gurkat [In the same place 7, 238] motivirovano an adjective balagurnyj. Lexemes with the transparent internal form chastogovorchivyj, chistogovorchistyj characterise the person, able to speak beautifully, resourceful in conversation. The lexemes characterising the loud person - galdyozhnik, a crowd, krikuha, orun, vizglinka - motivirovany verbs to shout, shout, make a din, squeal. The lexeme ozojnik has values ‘ the mocker ’ and ‘ the rude fellow ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 69]. In Russian dialects the verb zoit means ‘ loudly to speak ’ [SRNG 11, 326], a noun zoj - ‘ shout, noise ’ [In the same place]. The motive of a sound also is characteristic for nominations of the grumbling person. The lexeme vorkoten - motivirovana a dialect verb vorkotat, i.e. ‘ to grumble ’ [SRNG 5, 100]; gundjla - a verb gundet, i.e. ‘ to grumble ’ [SRNG 7, 232]. The lexeme zundilo motivirovana a verb to itch ‘ to publish a monotonous ringing sound ’ [MAS 1, 624.]. Plug-in "d" has appeared, probably, under
Influence of a conformable word gundilo. Lexemes brezgb, brezgotun, brezgotunja, brezgotuha motivirovany dialect verbs brezzhst, brezgotst, important ‘ to grumble ’ [SRNG 3, 174], and also ‘ to ring, jingle ’. I will hang up covers, and they dawn, birds frighten off [Seliger 1, 68]. Comparison of speech of the grumbling person with a ring or jingling is contained also by a lexeme bubnilo. Bubnit - matters not only ‘ to speak much, it is unceasing ’, but also ‘ to ring, call, drum ’ [SRNG 3, 234].

For realisation of motive of a sound in nominations of the loud or grumbling person various images are involved. Lexemes a bell), polohslo (poloh - a bell ring informing on a fire [SRNG 29, 128]) contain metaphorical comparison of the shouting person with a disturbing ring of a bell. Value of a lexeme klusha ‘ the grumbling woman ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 53] is formed as a result of metaphorical carrying over from major importance ‘ a hen-brood hen ’ [Seliger 3, 48]. Female grumble is compared to a poultry cackle. Implitsitno the motive of a sound is present at lexemes bazarnik [the HARDWARE 4, 33] and sobarnik [In the same place, 92], characterising rough, loud person, causing images of a barking dog or a noisy market.

Also the somatic motivation sign is actual for nominations of the given microfield. A number of lexemes motivirovan names of parts of the human body participating in formation of a voice. The noun a throat is lexical motivatorom lexemes gorlstyj, gorlopsj, gorlopsjka, gorlopsn, gorlopsnja, gorlun; a noun a mouth (in Russian dialects a pharynx, zep, zyop) - lexical motivator lexemes razzepsj, rozeven, zyopala, zevlsstyj. Lexemes ashcheul/, ashcheulnik/-nitsa motivirovany verbs ashcheulit, ashcheulnichat ‘ to sneer, scoff, scoff ’ [SRNG 1, 300]. Ashcheulnichat, oshcheulnichat, oshcheurnichat, oshcheritsja, oshchiritsja, oshchelitsja

- In Russian dialects there are various variants of a verb value ‘ to laugh, sneer ’. In a nomination basis, probably, the external sign is put

- Mouth of the laughing person which, being stretched in a smile, forms certain
Crack. The same external motivation sign is present and at a lexeme with the transparent internal form the scoffer.

Motives of a sound and appearance reflect acoustical and visual perception of the person with features of speech behaviour. The sensual perception of the loud or grumbling person is reflected in motive of unpleasant sensations. Lexemes a rodent, the hernia motivirovany a verb to gnaw in a figurative sense ‘ constantly to bother with cavils, abuse, reproaches ’ [MAS 1, 354]. From a verb to gnaw it is formed and word meaning widely used in dialects a hernia ‘ disease of internal bodies ’. So call any internal illness, especially at children [SRNG 7, 174]. In national representation the grumbling person is capable to cause sufferings like painful, exhausting illness. Also lexemes zharodok, жарсіток - ‘ much shouting person ’ [the HARDWARE 4, 47] are metaphoric. In the Tver dialects zhare§toki zharodok is ‘ a furnace part in which always there are hot coals ’ [SRNG 9, 74]. The value formed as a result of metaphorical carrying over contains comparison of the loud person with never cooling down part of the Russian furnace.

Such, in the image, we have considered a microfield «Speech activity» and microfields making it (fig. 18). The Lexical units characterising the person on its propensity/nesklonnosti to dialogue, and also on features of speech and speech behaviour, enter into microfields «Propensity to dialogue», «Features of speech behaviour».

Drawing 18 - the Characteristic on speech activity

In turn the microfield «Propensity to dialogue» includes two antonimicheskih microfields «Loving dialogue» and «not loving dialogue», asymmetric on volume (fig. 19).

Drawing 19 - the Characteristic on speech activity

Microfield «not loving dialogue» "homebody", "reserved", "constraining" includes lexical units with negative konnotatsiej, containing additional semy "gloomy", "severe", "avaricious".

Lexemes enter into a microfield «Loving dialogue» both with positive, and with negative konnotatsiej. Criterion of an estimation is the measure of display of quality. Sociability, skill to communicate, talkativeness of the person is estimated positively if it does not pass in importunity, empty chatter or transfer of gossips. The greatest markirovannost in language is received by the talkative person, a gossip and importunate.

During the semantic analysis zones of crossing of microfields «Loving dialogue» and «Inclined to a deceit» have been found out. This semantic affinity of concepts "verbosity" and "deceit" is confirmed also with the changes which have occurred in semantics of Russian verb to "say lies". Unduly talkative person is inclined to lies, he «that knows, all will tell, both that does not know, and that will tell». About the such speak: «That from language has broken, it was told lies».

«Features of speech behaviour» are presented by the greatest quantity of members to a microfield of group of lexemes, reprezentirujushchie the eloquent, loud, grumbling, captious, rough person and the mocker (fig. 20).

Drawing 20 - the Characteristic on features of speech behaviour

The group of the lexemes characterising the person on other features of speech, is presented by lexical units, many of which have no adequate synonyms in a literary language.

Thus, the person in representation Tver dialektonositelja should be sociable, located to people, rather talkative, however skill to communicate should not pass in importunity, persistence - such qualities of the person are subject to condemnation. Ability to speak beautifully and on business, resource in conversation is appreciated, ability to a place to joke, tell interesting history, ability to sing, but fans of empty conversations are sharply condemned. Knowledge of a measure, ability to find a side between sociability and importunity - here qualities of the person made in dialogue. Such representation about the person is confirmed also with the Tver proverbs: Be able to tell, be able and to keep silent. Stir, yes a measure know. Do not stir at random, put a word in a harmony. Along with talkers fans of gossips are exposed to sharply negative estimation. In representation of the Tver inhabitants garrulity and predilection for conversations on another's private life it is closely connected with such character trait, as falsity. From features of speech and speech behaviour the negative estimation is received by loud and grumbling people, mockers are blamed. The features of speech caused by the physical reasons (kartavost, lisping, a hoarseness, stutter), though and

Are reflected in language dialektonositelej, but in insignificant quantity, allowing to draw a conclusion about a priority of moral perfection over the physical.

3.9.

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A source: Gribovskaya Natalia Jurevna. the LEXICON of the TVER DIALECTS CHARACTERIZING the PERSON (SEMANTIKO-MOTIVATIONAL ASPECT). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2019. 2019

More on topic a microfield «Speech activity»:

  1. 1.3. Stages of formation of speech activity in ontogeneze
  2. dialogue in a foreshortening of the theory of speech activity. Communications: the general questions
  3. 3.4.2. The secondary text in speech activity of pupils
  4. the Microfield «the Conclusion of the atomic power station from operation»
  5. concept of the sermon and speech activity of the preacher
  6. the Microfield «atomic power station Building»
  7. Concept of speech strategy and speech tactics
  8. 2.2.3.2. A microfield «Monitoring systems and atomic power station managements»
  9. the Microfield «atomic power station Designing»
  10. the Microfield «atomic power station Input in operation»
  11. 2.2.3.3 Microfield «Preparation of the personnel of the atomic power station»
  12. the Microfield «Prolongation of service life of the atomic power station»
  13. the Microfield «Repair and atomic power station maintenance service»
  14. 2.3. Occurrence imenovanija in speech and its functioning in speech
  15. § 4. Restriction of the constitutional freedom of speech during pre-election campaign. The role of a network the Internet in realisation of a freedom of speech during this period
  16. classifications of speech genres
  17. studying of a speech genre in linguistics
  18. the theory of speech genres
  19. a speech genre and a discourse