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Influence of anthropogenous activity in an antiquity on morphological and chemical properties of soils

As a result of anthropogenous activity the huge block of the literature is devoted research of changes of soil properties. The most studied are questions of transformation of soil properties as a result of agricultural activity, and also change of soil properties in places of compact residing of people, first of all - in cities.

So steadfast attention to these questions is caused by extreme importance of studying of these problems in connection with proceeding growth of the area of agricultural lands, a component now about 40 % of the area of a land (Foley et al., 2005). In our country this indicator makes 22.6 %, thus the areas occupied with settlements, reach 1.2 % of territory (the Uniform state register..., 2014). Thereupon the analysis of all literature on anthropogenous transformation of soils is represented a theme of separate research.

As to questions selitebnogo and agricultural transformation of soils to antiquities and the Middle Ages on this theme it is much less than literary data. But also in this case it is possible to secrete essentially big prorabotannost questions of formation and functioning of occupation layers of settlements, their chemical properties in comparison with ancient arable lands.

The history of application of methods of pedology at research of occupation layers of archaeological monuments begins together with the first steps of genetic pedology. So, the founder of genetic pedology

V.V. Dokuchayev in 1878 participated in number excavation neoliticheskih parking, and on features zaleganija finds it had been established time of settlement of the ancient person in a valley of the river Oka (the Bug, 2005).

The widest application of tool methods of pedology in studying of occupation layers of settlements has begun after opening in the thirties the last century O.Arreniusom and V.Lorhom of the fact of increase of the content of phosphates in an occupation layer of settlements (Arrhenius, 1931; Lorch, 1940 (tsit. On: Holliday, Gartner, 2007)). Now this principle is widely used in practice of archaeological researches (Eidt, 1977, 1984; Barda, 1994; Holliday, Gartner, 2007). The nature of anthropogenous transformation granulometricheskogo occupation layer structure (CHizhikova, 1991, Prokofiev, etc., 2001 is deeply enough studied; the Sokolov, etc., 2005), chemical properties (Aleksandrovsky, 1997; Aleksandrovsky, etc., 1997; Gerasimov, etc. 2003; Is natural-scientific..., 2004; Sychev, 2006; Long, 2010; Kazdym, 2010), mikrobiologichesikh indicators (Marfenina and dr, 2001, 2008; Ivanov and dr, 2008; Marfenina et al., 2008). The fullest representation about modern level of natural-science studying of occupation layers in our country can be received, having familiarised with materials of the international conferences on the given subjects (Occupation layers., 2006; materials., 2014)

Agricultural transformation of soils to antiquities and the Middle Ages is studied to a lesser degree. A number of works to which search of physical and chemical indicators of ancient agriculture (Lisetskii et al is spent is known., 2015), restoration of soil-landscape conditions is considered at ancient agricultural development of territory (Delgado et al., 2007; Lisetskii, 2008; Lisetskii, Rodionova, 2012), physical and chemical properties of degraded soils of ancient and medieval fields (Dolotov, 1984; Lisetsky, 2008; Sandor, Eash, 1995; Scalenghe et al., 2002; Lisetskii et al., 2013), consequences of an ancient irrigation (Kostjuchenko, Lisitsina, 1976; Lisitsina, Kostjuchenko, 1976). The special attention of researchers is involved with ancient agricultural terraces, as the brightest and monumental prirodno-anthropogenous formations having very high and multiplane potential for studying of various aspects of ancient agriculture (Sandor et al., 1990; Sandor, 2006; Ruecker et al., 1998; Sanchez - Maranon, 2002; Goodman-Elgar, 2008; Borisov, Boxes, 2013).

In some works historically dated agrogene stage of evolution of soils is used for an erosion rate estimation (Londono, 2008), reconstruction paleoekologicheskih conditions (Cordova, Lehman, 2005), are spent attempts of reconstruction of fertility of soils ancient agroekosistem (Homburg, Sandor, 2011). Modelling of soil processes at a soil cultivation according to ancient agrotechnical methods (Wilkinson, Stevens, 2008) became a separate theme within the limits of the new scientific direction known as “Environmental archaeology” («environment Archeology»).

As to influence of ancient agricultural influence on microbiological soil characteristics it is necessary to ascertain practically full absence of literary data on this question.

Now we will pass to consideration of features of change of biological activity of soils as a result of agricultural development of territory. In connection with research subjects in the given section influence of pesticides, an agricultural chemicals, poliva, uses of heavy technique and other forms of influence on soils in the conditions of a modern farm-production will not be considered. Influence on biological activity of soils of only such agrotechnical methods, as a ploughing and entering of organic fertilizers will be more low considered. It is supposed, that these methods limited agricultural influence on soils in an antiquity and the Middle Ages. Also influence modern selitebnogo influences on biological activity of soils is not considered. This theme is shined enough in the literature; thus the form and intensity modern selitebnogo transformations of soils are rather far from possible selitebnogo influences on soils of ancient settlements.

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A source: Tchernysheva ELENA VLADISLAVOVNA. INFLUENCE of ANCIENT ANTHROPOGENOUS INFLUENCE ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY of SOILS of the KISLOVODSK HOLLOW. 2015

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