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2.1. Key aspects of collecting of debts in the Penza province

The judiciary reform of 1864 has provided sources of formation of institute of bailiffs and its development on historical space of Russia. However the power owing to absence of continuity not only standard base, but also concrete historical and practical experience of the organisation of activity of bailiffs as institutsionalnogo formation to the full could not regulate their direct activity.

Therefore the analysis of practical activities of bailiffs is possible under condition of complex studying of key aspects of their service in certain historical conditions. In 1884 academician Nikitenko wrote, that judicial charters at first will do a lot of turmoil. Them will not manage neither to understand, nor to estimate, to apply [162].

In the competence of bailiffs powers on execution of judgements on civil cases and criminal sentences regarding fines were base. The analysis of activity of bailiffs, allows us to allocate three categories of functions assigned to them. In - the first, it is the activity of the police officer consisting in reclamation of sums of money from the debtor; secondly, the measures accepted for realisation of property in the course of the market place; thirdly, dostavlenie summonses as the key factor providing interaction of the bailiff and tjazhushchihsja in the course of execution.

The institute of bailiffs was created specially for compulsory collecting of debts and execution of commissions and decrees. This duty was assigned to police officers personally, therefore it was forbidden to address directly to policemen urjadnikam with commissions,
Directly not concerning executive activity. Nevertheless, to us cases at which interaction of police and police officers had certain sense are known, in particular, when in the first years of realisation of the judiciary reform separate functions of police officers were executed by police.

For the actions the bailiff answered both personally, and is professional. In the first case the police officer for infringement at execution paid off brought with it at the introduction into a post monetary pledge, and in the second could be involved in a disciplinary responsibility in the form of caution, the remark or reprimand, that in turn could serve as a strong reason for discharge of the police officer from a post.

However we will note, as actually there was no mechanism of the constant control over activity of the police officer in most cases about the available facts of official offences of the Penza police officers we learn directly from tjazhushchihsja. Situational character of such interaction in practice was an obvious blank in collecting system poreformennogo the period. In February, 1876 on the bailiff of the Penza district court Spassky the complaint from the peasant has arrived with. Kazarka Michael Klychkova appointed the keeper of a summer residence of debitrix Tretsynoj upon absence of payment to it compensations which he demanded to pay from own means of the bailiff [163].

The state aspired to protect the bailiff from a various sort of wrongful acts from the persons interested in execution of judgement.

Final process was multidimensional and consisted in imposing of an interdiction for money resources of the debtor, drawing up of levy of execution, manufacture of its estimation, appointment of public sale, dispatch of announcements of sale, auction manufacture, dostavlenii summonses and
The police officer has been obliged to lead other All actions set forth above in the magazine which simultaneously served one of the basic proofs of diligent execution as it of the official duties.

Character of activity of the bailiff demanded from it direct interaction with the population. For realisation of this purpose the police officer had certain days and hours for an enrolment of citizens, addressing to it on service affairs. Under the general rule, this schedule consisted of not less than three days and not less than six hours per week [164]. About the reception schedule to the bailiff the announcement in its reception and a court reception was without fail hung out.

The regulation of a mode of working hours of the bailiff was so accurate, that in case of departure from a work place should hang up on a door of the office the announcement with the information on a place of its stay and returning terms. If the police officer was in holiday should specify in the same order in other police officer who replaced it, and gave the address of a residence of the last. Thereupon it is necessary to notice, that it was recommended to the police officer even irrespective of where it was, and time of day to accept court orders.

Practice of work of the bailiff has not been built according to requirements of time and possibilities of the most formed executive system, therefore some blanks in activity of the police officer were overcome at municipal level in the course of execution. In the Penza province there were similar examples, namely, in 1876 in case of absence of possibility of delivery of the summons to the necessary address the bailiff could be justified own by "the valid ignorance» arrangements of this or that object [165]. For example, in June, 1879 the bailiff of the Penza district court Uskov in the course of court ruling execution about application
obespechitelnoj a measure (arrestment on a manor of provincial secretar I.Zimninskogo) could not define the concrete location of the given property precisely. Owing to what the police officer has received concrete instructions on finding-out of an exact not only geographical arrangement of the real estate, but also the constructions which there are [166 [167].

The state owing to absence of concrete representations about process of functioning of institute of bailiffs gave a certain share of a regulation of their activity on consideration of the regional authorities, as a rule, in the name of a district court which thanks to the edition of orders built work of bailiffs on the basis of principles sistemnosti and legality.

Judicial charters have fixed a number of qualifying requirements to the persons, wishing to hold the post of the bailiff. So, there could not be bailiffs the persons who have not reached 21 years; foreigners; the persons declared by poor debtors; in the service from the government or at elections; podvergshiesja under adjudications to deprivation or restriction of the rights of a condition, and also the clerics deprived of a holy order on sentences of spiritual court; the persons consisting under a consequence for crimes and offences, involving deprivation or restriction of the rights of a condition, and those who, being under court for such crimes and offences, is not justified by adjudications; the persons excluded from service on court or from spiritual department for defects, or from the environment of societies and meetings of noble family on sentences of those estates, to which they

6 belong; persons to whom on court circulation on another's affairs is forbidden.

Let's notice, that among qualifying requirements there are no instructions concerning a sex of the person entering a post of the bailiff.

In Golubev V. M's scientific work allocates some kinds of qualifications to which there should correspond candidates on a post of the bailiff, namely: sexual, the citizenship qualification, moral, educational, the qualification of incompatibility, etc. [168] However they had formal character. In the Penza province, these restrictions and did not become the real mechanism on selection of candidates on a post of the bailiff, especially in the conditions of shortage of shots in districts.

Demands were not made to police officers about the educational qualification, therefore at times it was necessary to provide decisions of vessels to persons from circle of peasants, petty bourgeoises or retired soldiers. The similar position of the state created obvious obstacles to development and perfection of directly civil public service on which representatives of aforementioned social strata of the Russian society could be defined. On the other hand, such democratic approach began real possibility for aforementioned social strata to hold office the bailiff as one of structural elements of the judiciary.

The institute of bailiffs practically till the end of XIX century was not a subject of steadfast attention neither from the state, nor from the public. Uniformity of personnel structure and its key features to track it is problematic, as the bailiff was only a part of the judicial mechanism. A circle of duties and institutsionalnye lines characterised institute of bailiffs, more likely, as auxiliary, than the basic in questions of execution of judgements.

In our opinion, it defined also heterogeneity of a social origin of the future police officers of the Penza province. Officials, representatives of clergy, petty bourgeoises, corporals or the armies [169] transferred to the reserve, merchants, copyists, collegiate and provincial could be them raznochintsy,
Secretaries, titular counsellors and even noblemen (for example in 1888-1889 nobleman A.N.Malevsky, in Saransk district A.I.Alexey not having a rank, in N.Lomove collegiate secretary N.I.Anirov, in Chembarsky district provincial secretary D.I.Zhilinsky, at the General Session of Krasnoslobodsky district titular counsellor A.I.Pratopopov was the bailiff of Mokshansky district, in Narovchatsky district petty bourgeois I.I.nightingale) [170]. Appointment to the post was carried out by the chairman of corresponding court. At the most numerous level of population of Russian empire, peasants, were not possibilities to become the bailiff.

The bailiff in the Penza province was in full submission of the chairman of district court. Even at court departures in districts secretaries of criminal branches informed on it bailiffs consisting in districts, and on the arrival of the chairman in time branch of court in that city where the police officer had a constant residence, the police officer has been obliged immediately to it to be and consist at its direct order throughout all time of stay of court in a city and to leave, the bailiff has been obliged to ask for leave constantly. Such close interrelation of bailiffs and chairmen of corresponding places the fact of the request of the Penza district court first at a management about reception «organically supplements certificates on absence of obstacles for the introduction into marriage». In 1889 about it at the chairman of the Penza district court bailiff S.M.art Obolevsky, wishing to marry the daughter of priest A.F asked. Key [171], or personal requests of bailiffs for their transfer in other district [172].

In addition we will notice, that the Penza police officers regularly submitted reports on the activity to directly chairman of the Penza
District court on which their compensation in the future [173] actually depended.

Office-work of the bailiff in the Penza province was regulated by analogy to the standard rules in Russian empire. The police officer has been obliged to lead the register entering and outcoming documents, the strict account being at it in proceedings, the monetary book for record of arrival and the expense of all money resources which were at it [174].

Delivery of summonses by bailiffs was carried out immediately, and second copies of summonses came back in office of court not later than day from the date of delivery of last. The summons direction through the bailiff created for court necessary time conditions for disposal of legal proceeding and guaranteed delivery of last in necessary terms and is exact to the address.

With a view of overcoming of plurality of actions of the bailiff on

dostavleniju Summonses and to realisation of executive actions
The Penza Police officers concrete intentions registered on
To execution. So, the bailiff of the Penza district court

M.Andreevym in January, 1898 direct in the summons warned G.V.Sokolova's merchant, that at delivery to it of the summons about collecting of the amount due at a rate of 500 rbl. arrest will be simultaneously put the house [175]. As reception of compensation for own actions it is direct in the summons it was one of the purposes of the bailiff on decree execution specified the concrete size of payment of own actions. So, in February, 1910 the bailiff of the Penza district court on Chembarsky district Arsentev which in the summons demanded from the debtor operated to refund it expenses on conducting business in the size 220руб. 80 copeck, having given to debtor Dmitriev within two months to execute the debt
Obligations to the direct inventory and the subsequent sale of a manor. Feature of the given case is high cost of conducting business at actually non-realised property of the debtor. Thus, the bailiff guaranteed itself against a possible neopayment to it compensations, and for the debtor conditioned for voluntary repayment is long [176].

It is necessary to recognise, that such practice of interaction developed not only because of shortage of bailiffs, but also with a view of overcoming of potential concealment of property by the debtor and as allowed to operate to the police officer operatively in execution territory.

Procedure of delivery of summonses has been rigidly regulated, therefore at delivery of the summons by the police officer the mark about time and a bottom of its delivery became, and in case of summons transfer not to destination on the second copy the reason of such action spoke. In the summons were specified: the decision, executory, a rank, a name and a surname vzyskatelja and selected it (in a city or district) a stay place where the decision should be carried out. The summons - the key document visually showing activity of the bailiff, narrating about character of its actions in practice.

Unlike the modern mechanism of delivery of summonses in Russia which, as a rule, is strictly personified, during the period considered by us the bailiff could hand over the summons together with the appendix as to the respondent and if did not find out the last could give the summons «house its or managing its manor, or the house, or to that from neighbours who would agree to deliver the summons and would give in it the receipt» [177]. The Second copy of the summons the police officer immediately delivered in court at which consisted. So, in November, 3rd, 1887 the bailiff of the Penza
District court Andreev has handed over the summons to the petty bourgeois living in a manor of the debtor of a merchant of Tchekalin about what has made corresponding record [178].

However the decision of civil cassation department of 1876, for example, the summons handed over to the yard keeper of the house who have undersigned for its reception, for transfer to that person to whom it is charged, was considered handed over. In default tjazhushchegosja from acceptance of the summons the bailiff should not return it in court, and left it in apartment tjazhushchegosja and if it is impossible transferred the summons in local police administration [179]. Thus, the system of delivery of summonses did not provide responsibility of the police officer for personal delivery of the summons to the debtor. Thereby, favorable conditions for clearing of the police officer of a repeated trip to the debtor were created.

Let's notice, that delivery of the summons to the persons who are not concerning obligations of the debtor undermined authority of the bailiff tightened collecting process. The summons, on the one hand, besides the informativnosti, was the starting mechanism to the beginning of procedure of compulsory collecting as contained data on intentions of the police officer concerning the debtor, on the other hand, gave last chance to the debtor to execute the obligations voluntary.

However in practice in the Penza province there were summonses of different character. We can allocate three types, namely, fact-finding, warning, inducing the debtor to reciprocal actions on payment is long [180].

The summons was base communicative means between tjazhushchimisja and court. The payment for executive actions was brought in the Penza district court and accompanied concrete claim and other affairs, but at times was not
It is adhered to the concrete bailiff, that to the middle 1870 became the key bureaucratic problem which has become by a direct obstacle to operative execution of the decree and reduced efficiency of activity of the police officer.

The separate attention is deserved by a question on the debtors living in other provinces provided that but at the moment of conducting executive actions money for delivery of summonses is already brought in district court in Penza and more often further were not listed [181]. Thus, these persons actually lost possibility dostavlenija it of the summons, and business could long time is in court without attention. The given problem became actual after opening of the Penza district court in 1871 and has been overcome only to the middle of 1880th when in delivery of summonses judicial delivery men began to be engaged. Probably therefore practically in the end of each year the bailiff still had not one ten not executed affairs which it included in the annual report on the activity, and in cash desk of the Penza district court there were unallotted properly surpluses of the brought money resources.

The state had been created system of the indirect control over the bailiff from other state bodies. Therefore, when the police officer handed over the summons not personally to the addressee, and through other person, it beat a copy of the given summons for svoeju the signature in cities to the police administration house, and in a countryside to the house rural heads or desjatskogo, and informed of it police or volost management. Thus there was a system of indirect monitoring of step-by-step activity of the bailiff that created subsequently complexities in definition of powers of police officers as exclusive, isolated from other public authorities.

The bailiff led own magazine in which wrote down all actions on decision execution. In it the name and a surname of the police officer, the resolution of court which is carried out, and time of reception by the police officer of the court order, names, patronymics, surnames and ranks as vzyskatelja, and persons against whom the decision was carried out, year, month and number and hour when decision execution has begun, a place where execution was made, the exact description of all actions undertaken at execution and day of fulfilment of each of them, and also delays and stay of execution, quantity of the recoverable sum or assignation time, the sum which is due to the bailiff in compensation were specified. From magazine the police officer made extracts on vozmezdnoj to a basis (under the rate). Practically the bailiff fixed each executive action in the magazine.

At the moment of carrying out during a life of the judiciary reform of 1864 the state did not have an accurate representation about what mechanisms are necessary for selecting, that the final process institute worked as much as possible effectively. Therefore first of all activity of bailiffs as essentially new stage in judiciary development was insured by police by submission of the last to directly ranks of judiciaries. So, the charter of civil legal proceedings in 1864 provided cases at which decisions of the world judge were carried out or local police ranks, or volost and rural nachalstvami, or the bailiffs consisting at world congress. All above-stated persons submitted to the world judge.

At the collecting reference on real estate the bailiff informed the notary of data on encumbrance of the given property by the rights of the third parties and on, whether there was a property in someone's possession. The police officer gave these data together with the inventory in that forum at which it planned to make market places.

Actually big influence on the bailiff could render itself vzyskatel. On the one hand, it did not interfere with directly executive actions of remedial character, and on the other hand, the bailiff practically should fulfil the declared requirements of the claimant. In August, 1889 P.A.Krasnov at collecting from baroness L.P.background Vimporen asked the bailiff about arrest not only the real estate in the form of the ground area at with. telegino the Penza district, but also about a crop of bread available on a given manor, and also on capitals of the owner [182]. Also arrestment on bread ground or in grains was supposed. The future crop of bread could be described directly in the field, that is even before its cleaning. Such measure protected the claimant from possible concealment of bread on different next barns and manors.

At times similar requests from interested persons arrived to the bailiff still before he should inform the respondent on court coming concerning it or execution of judgement. Such obespechitelnye measures promoted overcoming of damage or concealment of property by the debtor. In October, 1913 on the basis of the court order given out by the Penza district court to the attorney of peasant N.P.Iljuninoj the applicant concretised a personal estate coming under to arrest which even are beyond the size of debts in 2 000 rbl. [183] Despite decree to make arrest of a personal estate, a position vzyskatelja was defined by the purposes to withdraw concrete property in the form of horses, bochek, teams, clothes and прочего23. Interest represents the collecting reference on a personal estate which is in limits of certain territory. So, 1914 under K.L.Teraevicha's claim to I.A.Kochetkovu and returning 2 000 rbl. On the basis of the court order of the Penza district court it has been decided to spend attachment of property of the debtor in a kind «breads, cattle, horses, to house conditions and the other personal property which is in its house, apartment» at station Protreasury it is Moscow-Kazan

22

23

In the same place. D. 84. L. 15.

24 railways.

So, in March, 1908 on the basis of the court order of the Penza district court under the claim of the Penza branch of the state bank to debtor I.S.Dyomin it was offered to arrest a rye in number of 9 800 poods, located in the Penza province of Saransk district near villages Semelejka and Nikolaevka in the amount due 5 200 rbl. though for that period of time appraisal of property has not been spent [184 [185]. Thus debtors tried to realise property which in the future at them will be withdrawn or arrested under the decree as in an aforementioned case at which at rye withdrawal it was revealed that the debtor has sold 2 000 poods, thus the bank demanded from the bailiff to find for money resources from realisation of the given property.

The set example visually shows absence of real possibility to safety of the given property or acceptance of other measures for high-grade execution of the decree. The above described situation did execution process vulnerable and called into question not only rationality of actions of the bailiff, but also reduced efficiency of execution as a whole.

Let's notice, that the court not always defined territorial frameworks for carrying out of executive actions, that as a whole provoked situations when collecting could address by mistake on the property which is not belonging to the debtor, and located far from its residence.

In practice vzyskatel could even spend approximately appraisal of property of the debtor not to trouble with it the police officer and simultaneously to accelerate process of executive actions. In 1898 P.A.Krasnov informed the bailiff, that a crop of summer bread necessary for it in that
Condition in which it was in the field, still to molotby or vyvozki on a barn it was estimated on the developed practice near with. telegino in 3 thousand rbl., at the necessary sum of collecting of 4 263 rbl. 73 copeck [186]

Process of execution of the decree was sluggish and became complicated various factors: execution territory, presence of the bailiff, congestion affairs and other aspects. However one of the key inducing bailiff to activity of the reasons was payment of its actions tjazhushchimisja which already at the reference to the bailiff placed on it emphasis only that that has started executive actions as soon as possible. So, in 1879 collegiate registrar A.Motovilov asked the bailiff of Gorodishchensky district of the Penza province about the prompt appointment of the repeated auctions of the arrested manor in with. Aristovka, explaining it that that, the respondent «reduces distrained goods cost». Thus A.Motovilov applied at once money resources at a rate of 20 rbl. On expenses of the bailiff on the organisation of the auctions and on announcement giving in the press that allowed the police officer to react practically urgently on similar sorts of the request [187].

The fact of the payment of expenses of the bailiff defined a priority in execution, that in our opinion, provoked the chaotic approach of the bailiff to performance of the official duties, thereby reducing efficiency of its activity.

In the Penza province efficiency, therefore payment of actions of the bailiff was not inherent in execution was one of the key reasons of their activity as a whole. In particular it concerned cases when the Penza police officers operated on the basis of decisions of other vessels. So, on September, 3rd, 1883 to the bailiff of Gorodishchensky district of the Penza province G.Andreevu who has received the court order of the Saratov district court about
Collecting from the commander of 40th artillery brigade A.A.Rasskazova 8 300 rbl. with percent, from vzyskatelja I.P.Petrov has received at once 2 rbl. on executive actions thanks to what already on September, 6th, 1883 the summons about execution of the obligations [188 [189] has been sent the debtor. By the same principle in February, 1898 operated believed kozlovskogo the mutual loan societies, operating from a name syzranskogo petty bourgeois A.A.Tarabarina living in of Goats of the Tambov province which in the reference to the bailiff of the Penza district court M.Andreevu applied at once the paid 40 copeck on delivery of summonses and asked not to save on the subsequent expenses, suggesting to pay all necessary

29

The sums connected with execution with a view of the prompt adjudication.

The analysis of activity of institute of bailiffs of Russian empire on boundary XIX-XX on an example of the Penza province allows us to draw centuries a conclusion that process of execution of judgements became a significant stage in development of the domestic judiciary (see the appendix № 7). At practically insignificant difference in number of court orders the urgency was got by the affairs connected with alienation of the real estate. In this aspect growth of quantity indicators is observed. First of all it spoke in real estate cost in the Penza province which exceeded real estate cost for example, the Samara or Perm provinces in two and three times accordingly [190].

Before events of the First Russian revolution the quantity of final processes grew, however sketchy data and absence of documents on the next years activity of police officers do not give the chance to us to analyse completely a situation during the investigated period of time. Rather high cost of the real estate in the Penza province
It was reflected and in indicators of the auctions which exceeded indicators about personal estate sale practically twice.

Real estate sale was important and for maintenance of bailiffs with a monetary contentment, as it was the main source of their maintenance (the appendix № 8) [191] see. Data of the table of the appendix № 8 illustrate a considerable quantity of operations with the real estate, that in turn allows us to understand the state policy tendency under the control over the given kind of property relations.

The important place in activity of the bailiff was occupied with the organisation of market places on execution sale. Under the general rule, sale was meant by giving of the announcement by the police officer where were specified: a subject, a place, day and hour of sale, a name of the owner of property and the sum for the auctions.

As a rule, as the most frequent place for property sale the Penza district court in which premise it was possible to familiarise with the inventory of sold property served. Such place got out not casually and has been caused by its transport availability.

The system of the notification of the population about the auctions was idle time and consisted in the maximum supply with information of all inhabitants data about sold property. Announcements placed on a facade of buildings and constructions not earlier than for a week from date of sale of the given real estate, and that could deteriorate (for example products) one day prior to sale, at police houses, in the markets and other similar places of that world site where there will be a sale, and also with external doors of the house in which it will occur, at sale barok, announcement boats were beaten on landing stages or on sold vessels.

In the order of the Penza district court of 1874 the order of legal proceedings for the Penza police officers on a case of the announcement of the auction at which having stuck should lead the corresponding for the first time was established
The auction report where obligatory requisites to filling should be noted: date, a place and tendering time; the property which is coming under

To 32 sale; the persons participating in tendering; an order of carrying out of the auction.

In case the auction has not taken place, in the report corresponding entry about the reasons of it was made. In the report signatures of the police officer who has spent the auction, and the associate justice present at the auction were without fail put. Informing of the population on the auctions occurred by giving of the corresponding announcement in periodicals [192 [193].

In special section "Auctions", "Sale" or "Announcements" the information on the police officer which will spend the auction, its residence, and also concrete articles on which basis the auctions will be made was, etc. specified, approximate cost of property and the information on what property publicly was on sale.

In the order of the Penza district court of 1909 there was an accurate formulation that the bailiff could not start performance of the direct duties if its actions are not paid tjazhushchimisja [194]. Thus, in the Penza province the policy of the state directed on reduction of court costs at the expense of treasury was realised.

tjazhushchiesja, interested in faster issue of a suit, tried to send money resources to the bailiff simultaneously with statements arriving from them. In the Penza province tjazhushchiesja tried to send money the postal order together with the requests. It
Facilitated work of the police officer on execution and created favorable conditions

35 for reception by them subsequently compensations.

The symbol of payment from the party tjazhushchihsja was an underside of advancing of actions of the bailiff. So, in April, 1913 the attorney of debtor I.V.Andreeva demanded from the bailiff of the Penza district court N.Kratistova to make the inventory of a manor of the debtor located in Gorodishchensky district at with. CHerteim in the Zasursky summer residence and at village Karaulovke as the house in Penza on a corner Troitsk and streets Nagornoj, thus promised to pay actions of the police officer only after delivery to the debtor of the summons and an appointment of the day of the inventory [195 [196] [197]. Similar statement of a question on interaction vzyskatelej and the police officer allows us to draw a conclusion on one of the key criteria providing efficiency of collecting as payment of activity of the bailiff promoted urgency of actions of the last and its interest in the course of collecting. For example, in the above described case the summons about intention to describe property of the debtor on account of debts has been constituted by N.Kratistovym in day of receipt of the statement from vzyskatelja on August, 10th, 1913

Let's notice, that the special urgency in the course of collecting was got by actions of the police officer at arrestment on the money resources of the debtor located in banks and other credit organisations. So, on February, 13th, 1913 to the bailiff of the Penza district court M.I.Andreevu addressed vzyskatel I.Krejnes and asked to seize the amount due 11 947 rbl. A.V.Andronov's 23 copeck, on the money resources, being in the Penza provincial Excise. As vzyskatelem at the moment of a presentation of claims to the debtor 2 rbl. on summonses have been paid, it is 37 has allowed to write out this very day the summons to the debtor.

Thus, in the Penza province there was a principle of immediate execution of judgement, that in turn allowed to overcome a sluggishness of process of collecting. However, the given practice developed spontaneously and characterises only separate cases at which vzyskateli at early stages of final process paid actions of the bailiff. Presence or absence of payment of actions of the police officer or on business conducting allows us to designate a scale problem of efficiency of collecting in the Penza province and as shows disbalans in degree of use of potential of the Penza police officers in practice.

The persons interested in the accelerated order of the announcement of the auctions, gave to the bailiff money resources on its organisation. On March, 3rd, 1913 to the bailiff of the Penza district court M.I.Andreevu 17 rbl. 20 copeck for appointment of the auctions to property of debtor A.A.Iljunina [198] have arrived. Such practice promoted stage-by-stage development of final process in the Penza province as in a return case when the auctions were spent at the expense of the future realised sum from property sale, the police officer should receive compensation and a legal cost from the same sum. As a result there was a situation at which the debt was not written off from the respondent completely and gathering in favour of the bailiff was registered on the respondent as debts.

The order of sale of property has been unified by bailiffs in Russia and has not undergone essential changes up to 1917 In 1917 the bailiff of the Penza district court the Sokolov for August, 14th sale of a manor of P.K.Musejko and I.D.Tregubenko about what the police officer informed on April, 17th in the Penza provincial board on the announcement printed in provincial news of the sale which two copies has sent in Saransk police administration has been appointed, and one copy has sent in the Penza
The district court and one more copy has been sent in board of the Moscow ground bank [199]. Cost of giving of such announcement, according to the Penza exchequer has constituted, 1 rbl. 70 copeck about what the police officer reported in the corresponding receipt paid by it [200]. It was necessary, as from cost of the submitted announcement the police officer received subsequently a certain part of monetary compensation.

The mechanism of cooperation of the bailiff and interested persons accelerated process of execution and relieved the police officer of excessive red tape at appointment of the repeated auctions, that as a matter of fact started the mechanism of realisation of property anew. So, taking up a post of the bailiff at Penza district court Molchanov repeatedly declared appointment on December, 13th, 1871 in 10.00 mornings of the auction about sale of a manor of the Saxon citizen F.V.Muller, settling down at villages Ksenofontovke, TSybanovke and Marevki the Mokshansky district of the Penza province consisting in «40 des. The earths, from which 31 des. pashennoj the earths and 8 des. A mowing with different structures on it, wooden, stone covered with iron, the human log huts, four sheds and four barns of the different size and for of different function, konjushennoju, a cellar and a bath». The given property was on sale for repayment of debts at a rate of 1 000 rbl. before peasant-proprietor E.D. Kiselyov, and the manor was estimated in 2 500 rbl., the auction has begun with the given sum and [201].

Let's notice, that repeatedly submitted announcement under the maintenance and the form completely duplicated earlier submitted. Overcoming of information rupture in the conditions of again appointed auctions, and also attraction of new buyers was main principle of observance of such order.

The system of informing of the population about the forthcoming auctions pursued the aim not only to involve a maximum quantity of buyers of the immovable
Property and to reduce sale terms, that in turn provided mobility of movement of affairs under new court orders, but also to carry out monitoring of encumbrances of the given property by the rights of the third parties or the organisations (for example if the property was in pledge at bank, etc.).

That the auctions have taken place, it was necessary to fix all subjects or characteristics of object of sale. For this purpose the bailiff constituted the special inventory which could be made both with appraisal of property, and without it and was assured by the court press. On the inventory and appraisal of property termination vzyskatel and the debtor have been obliged to declare to the bailiff about appointed them on mutual agreement a place and term of public sale [202].

The inventory could contain errors in correctness of definition of quality and goods cost. It depended on competence and awareness of the police officer and from a position of the person which property came under to the inventory. Therefore in this case actions of the police officer had key character for the future auctions and for definition of destiny of a debt.

However the alternative order of the decision of a question on a place and auction terms was provided also. In case the parties could not agree about auction conditions the place and day of sale were defined directly by the bailiff about what the corresponding mark in levy of execution became. We will notice, that in case of part performance by the debtor of the obligations the further claim to property could stop, that as a matter of fact facilitated to the bailiff work. So, in November, 1887 at the collecting reference on a manor of the Penza merchant of P.V.Tchekalin for the sum 1792 rbl. 44 copeck, at entering by it 100 rbl., committee of bankruptcy asked bailiff Andreeva to delay sale of a manor of the debtor for a month, thereby having given possibility to other party to settle the conflict completely [203]. Similar interaction between tjazhushchimisja mediated
Activity of the bailiff which during this period of time actually stopped work under the compulsory debt collection that allows us to draw a conclusion on the reasons of a sluggishness of process of execution of judgement in the Penza province.

Personal estate sale was made in the places defined by annually local provincial heads. Subjects and other personal estate, which transportation it was inconvenient and demanded additional expenses, were on sale in a storage place. It was defined before sale with a view of safety of sold property. As the auctions were public sale was made by the police officer in the presence of a member 44

Police or volost management.

Elements of an independent regulation of executive actions were given to the bailiff. So, terms of sale of property were defined by the police officer proceeding from relevancy and quality of property - from 7 days till 6 weeks from the date of the inventory and appraisal of property termination.

However police officers in the Penza province quite often deviated the standard rules and increased times of performance till 2 months. Principal causes of increase in times of performance were remoteness of the bailiff from territory of execution and its general congestion, or execution of decisions of vessels of other provinces, especially if money resources were not applied at once paid progonnye and for conducting business. So, in March, 1904 the bailiff of the Penza district court M.A.Badigin, has given up in execution at the desire of the bailiff of the Novgorod district court Morevu, in dostavlenii summonses without payment 25 copeck for delivery of the summons and absence of payment of runs at a rate of 13 rbl. 50 copeck [204 [205]

Subjects which quickly spoilt or demanded extra costs on storage, were defined to sale in the short term. However

Let's notice, that with a view of centralisation and development of the general order of tendering, the state developed the general schedule of terms for manufacture of public sale of real estate. Such order was established since 1908 in the form of regulations with terms of the organisation of the auctions on trehletie 1911 - 1913 According to it in the Penza province terms of sale of the real estate in 1911 - 1913 were established from January, 15 till January, 31st, from May, 15th till June, 1st, from July, 15th till August, 15th and from December, 1 till December, 15th [206].

Mentioned above the property characteristic (relevancy and quality), as a rule, were defined by monetary unit. Thereupon, concerning property which has been estimated for the sum more than 100 rbl. became not only the above-stated procedures on placing of announcements, but also the publication in a local press took places.

Thus, the police officer conditioned for more comfortable and fast sale of the property which importance was shown directly in the announcement. The bailiff supervised all process of sale of property, and also fixed all changes about terms or a sale place. Therefore about all publications the police officer did marks in the magazine, and in case of change of the auctions, under the decree or under the agreement of parties, the announcement in the newspaper was reprinted. Number of the newspaper with the publication of the announcement of property sale should be stored always by the bailiff in business about final process and simultaneously served as the proof of diligent execution to them of the official duties.

The bailiff described property irrespective of the tax deductions paid by the debtor in favour of the state [207]. Such data the police officer had the right to demand for each case from an office (local exchequer, a municipal duma, etc.). Thus, process

Final process got lines of an autonomy, and the bailiff became a key structural element in system of mutual relations tjazhushchihsja and the states.

Day of the auction concerning the real estate could not be appointed, first, before one month if it is estimated not over 500 rbl., secondly, before two months if it is estimated over 500 rbl., but no more than 10 thousand rbl., in - the third, before three months if it is estimated over 10 thousand rbl. 48

For the real estate estimated no more 100 rbl., terms were estimated from the date of exhibiting of the announcement of public sale, and for other manors - from the date of the publication in local sheets (the newspaper - the Penza provincial sheets). Announcements of sale were constituted direct by the bailiff. However it did not mean, that the police officer at own discretion constituted the announcement text.

Announcements of sale should contain instructions of following elements - of characteristics of the auction: ranks, a name and a surname and even a nickname of the owner of a manor and vzyskatelja, a name, a surname and a residence of the bailiff to which was charged with the sale, short description of the real estate and place of its finding, instructions - in aggregate or in parts and on which the manor will be on sale, it is put in pawn or not (where also to whom), a place and time of sale, the price with which the auction should begin.

The announcements submitted bailiffs of the Penza province, not always contained detailed data about property realised at the auctions. On the one hand, in periodicals of the Penza province we see the announcements corresponding to the general requirements to their maintenance. For example, when the bailiff at the Penza district court V.I.Suslov living in to Penza, on May, 18th in 10.00 o'clock in the morning in a hall of session of civil branch of the Penza district court has appointed sale of a manor of the peasant of the proprietor of Chembarsky district with. We give to drink

F.I.Lituhina. The manor included in the structure potashevarennyj the factory which was located in the wooden case from roofing tesa and structures being at it: an inhabited log hut, a bath and two sheds. The given property has been estimated in 500 rbl. and not put in pawn, and 7 desjatin the earths in 300 rbl. [208 [209] From the given sums and was planned to begin the auctions.

In 1889 the bailiff of the Penza district court also had been submitted the announcement under the form. Living in the house, in 1 part of of Penza in Vvedensky street, it in 10.00 o'clock in the morning in a building of civil branch of the Penza district court appointed on December, 7th, 1889 sale of a manor near Kerenska the Penza province, consisting of a site of the earth at a rate of 46 desjatin 2000 sazhens, for non-payment to colonel M.I.Rynkovu under the court order to 1000 rbl., and also percent and a legal cost for the sum 79 rbl. 65 copeck Were estimated this manor in 2 000 rbl., as has served

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The initial price of the auction.

On the other hand, some announcements were a little informative and could not contain, for example, detailed levy of execution or data on a residence of the bailiff. For example, the bailiff of the Penza world district N.M. Machinsky to May, 26th, 1871 appointed in 10.00 o'clock in the morning in with. Ternovka in the house of peasant A.Gavrikova public sale «molochennogo bread and uninhabited construction», 20 copeck estimated in 107 rbl. [210] Police officer of the same district Morahovsky in 10.00 o'clock in the morning appointed on January, 24th, 1882 personal estate sale (the fire wood estimated in 200 rbl.) of the Penza merchant of A.M.Kudryavtsev in Penza on street Selivertovkoj, the debtor located near to a distillery. In both cases the information on the police officer and other sold property [211] has not been specified. The incomplete announcement has been submitted to 1914 by the bailiff

The Penza district court Badiginym, living in to Penza, in 1 part of the Pedestrian street in the house № 36. It appointed sale of 11/14 parts of a manor of nobleman V.V. Adikaevskogo who is in to Penza on the Pedestrian street To January, 29th, 1914, consisting in the farmstead earth with постройками53, and has not described constructions available as a part of a manor, and also has not specified time of the beginning of the auction and approximate cost of property.

Nevertheless, announcements which have been constituted by the bailiff not under regulations, had fact-finding character and nevertheless carried out the basic function of promulgation of procedure of the auction for the population. However absence of the detailed information provoked potential buyers of property to its independent search or at all to refusal of participation in the auction.

Announcements of sale a minimum one month prior to the auction were hung out on the manor or at an input in official body (office) at which sale was made.

Office-work of the auctions was accompanied by drawing up of trading sheet in which it was specified: the manor or site name, the price with which the auction should begin, the information on real estate encumbrance.

Costs for the organisation of the auctions were estimated directly in the bailiff and affirmed under the preliminary coordination with a member of world congress or the representative of district court.

Owing to that during the period considered by us activity of bailiffs could be supervised by other officials of the judiciary, sale procedure was spent at compulsory attendance of a member of world congress or a member of district court appointed the chairman. In a boardroom of civil branch of the Penza district court on January, 29th, 1905 at sale located in Insar the Penza province, the real estate of the died merchant of P.I.Tumolskogo the bailiff

Ljustrovym without fail there was associate justice N.I.Marzanov [212]. Whether directly the auctions began with announcement by the bailiff of trading sheet and a question «who wishes to make the extra charge against the price meant in trading sheet» [213].

Each fact of increase of the price was brought in trading sheet opposite to a surname of the bargaining. The given record could be brought as directly buyers, and at will the police officer. Following the results of the auction the trading sheet was fastened by signatures of the person who have offered the top price, vzyskatelem and the debtor if they at the auction were present, the bailiff and the person observing of sale.

The buyer who has offered at the auction the top price, should bring immediately before the termination of the auction not less the tenth part of the price, and other part within the next seven days.

From the received sum from property sale registered on a manor at date of sale debts (shortages) in the form of the state taxes, zemskih and city duties but only after that costs for manufacture were estimated, the inventory and manor sale on which material compensation of the police officer directly depended first of all were paid.

At real estate sale in the magazine the bailiff described all debts which were necessary for extinguishing at real estate sale. Expenses on executive actions got to the general list also. So, in 1905 after sale of a manor of the died merchant of P.I.Tumolskogo the bailiff of the Penza district court Ljustrov has meted a sum part on repayment of debts before banks (for example, in Insarsky city public bank 205 rbl.) and has calculated own compensation for appointment of the auctions in the sum 3 rbl. 40 copeck and for carrying out
The auctions 2 rbl. 40 copeck [214] the sum for four announcements of sale at a rate of 1 rbl. 20 copeck Also was collected and for two messages to offices - 50 copeck [215] In this case we deal with independent calculation by the bailiff of the compensation though under the general rule distribution of compensations to bailiffs occurred on-line Ministry of Justice on the basis of data which represented them appellate courts.

The fact of deduction by the bailiff of the sums for the actions served as the guarantor of reception in the future to them of compensation. Therefore even in conditions when at the auctions payment was brought partially, the police officer immediately reported on it in the Penza district court. So, on August, 11th, 1877 the bailiff of the Penza district court V.I.Suslov in the official report about sale of a manor of brothers Groshevyh on account of the amount due 10 025 rbl., at entering at the auctions appointed for August, 9th, 1877, the buyer a merchant N.Yermolov of advance payment in the form of 5 % of the bank note (face value in 1000 rbl.) And cash in 200 rbl., during the same moment for executive actions subtracted 75 rbl. 37 copeck, and other sum has been sent them in exchequer already minus the size of the deposit provided that the auctions have not taken place and the sold real estate has not been paid in full [216]. Thus, we can actually establish absence of the control over distribution of streams of money resources brought tjazhushchimisja and other persons interested in property realisation.

In spite of the fact that all procedure of the organisation of the auctions, conducting accompanying document circulation, calculation of costs and direct realisation of the sold property laid down on shoulders of the bailiff, the result of the auctions was accompanied by the edition of definition by a member of world congress or
District court about fastening of a manor to the buyer if it has granted all necessary sums.

The auctions were made on the order defined by the state, which bailiff has been obliged to observe by all means. Besides the above-stated obligations, the police officer supervised survey process by potential buyers of sold property about day of sale. Under the general rule, property sale should begin in ten o'clock in the morning and

59 to come to an end not later than six o'clock in the evening.

In case at ten o'clock nobody came on the auctions or one person the bailiff should wait for other potential buyers to two o'clock in the afternoon but if at twelve o'clock was not less than two persons the police officer all the same began auction procedure came only.

At opening of the auction the bailiff sounded the price of sold property and who asked at present «more?», and at each increase of a purchase price should sound it verbally [217 [218]. Thus, the police officer supervised auction process.

The auctions came to an end, as a rule, when to the bailiff signals from buyers about purchase price increase ceased to move. In this case the police officer specified this moment a phrase «anybody more?» And symbolically struck a hammer that testified to the termination of the auction and that price increase is already impossible. Accordingly, sold subjects were given to the person who has offered higher for them the price.

Documentary registration of the auction was a direct duty of the bailiff, and also played a key role in the general document circulation of final process. Therefore the police officer described each auction in magazine where specified the necessary information on it: day of the sale, a sold subject, the higher price offered at the auctions, data about the buyer and about the persons who were present at sale.

Even before the auction in trading sheet the police officer specified the information on all known encumbrances and debts of the respondent before creditors. Such public order of the organisation of the auctions allowed after reception of the necessary sum from sale to pay off available debts, and to the police officer to collect counted by it executive сбор61. In 1877 the bailiff of the Penza district court Suslov had been described encumbrances concerning a realised manor of insolvent merchants of 2 guilds Petrovyh - Groshevyh where he marked shortages, first, according to the Penza city police administration № 12462 in the form of the unpaid tax and quarter gathering at a rate of 47 rbl. 92 copeck, secondly, in the Penza town council 369 rbl. 90 copeck, thirdly, in favour of the Penza city public bank 1018 rbl., fourthly, in favour of bailiffs for executive actions and giving of the announcement of sale 34 rbl. 30 copeck [219], and in 1905 At sale of a manor bailiff Ljustrov after the analysis and the inventory of debts available on the real estate has attributed to own advantage for manor appointment in sale 1 rbl. 70 copeck [220]

Let's notice, that gathering in favour of the bailiff for the actions was not priority in spite of the fact that shortages available on the debtor in most cases went to advantage of the state, whose interests and represented having stuck. Thus, there was an order of repayment of debts at which property realisation passed actually at the expense of own means of interested persons which simultaneously became a source of satisfaction of interests of the power and banks at property realisation.

The auction had strict sequence. The buyer should bring not less the fifth part of the final price offered it. It has been obliged to bring other sum not later than twelve hours of next day cash. The buyer received property only at its full payment.

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63

In the same place. D. 4. L. 2.

The bottom threshold of cost of property was defined, that in turn guaranteed parts of creditors partial payment from the respondent of its debts. In the Penza province such practice promoted more effective organisation of tendering [221 [222].

However we will notice, that not looking at regulations of the organisation of the auction it was observed not always. So in 1884 in Insarsky district of the Penza province at realisation of a manor of a merchant of N.M.Zaikin in cost 44 000 rbl. in advantage vzyskatelja lieutenant N.Umanova on account of debt repayment were accepted the bailiff 2 534 rbl. 93 copeck, thus that 103 rbl. 89 copeck have been obtained on demand by the police officer on business conducting, thus the size of the accepted sum has constituted only 6 % instead of necessary 25 % that the real estate

65

Remained for the buyer.

Thus, in our opinion, possibility of appointment of the repeated auction was overcome, and the bailiff had an opportunity to obtain on demand for the actions of compensation which would be absent in case of an auction inconsistency. The given bureaucratic blank characterises activity of the Penza police officers as vague, mismatching the collecting purposes, but thus satisfying subjective requirement of the bailiff for compensation reception for the future.

If on the auctions the buyer was not or one was only, or from was nobody expressed desires to bargain and the buyer did not rise the price, or on the termination of the auction, having brought the deposit, did not pay other sum in time, the auction admitted not taken place. Accordingly, the auction was nullified owing to absence of lawful basises of its carrying out, for example, owing to item 1051 of the charter of civil legal proceedings. Thereupon the new auction was appointed the bailiff without a repeated estimation of sold property, however at the second auction the property could be
It is sold under the price, below declared, that it was impossible to make at the organisation of the first auction.

The auction could be excellent and because of execution by the debtor of the obligations to creditors. By such principle in 1871 the bailiff of the Penza world district collegiate asessor N.M.Machinsky has cancelled «sale of a horse, a horse type-setting harness and a droshky» merchant son I.K.poholkova in connection with payment of a debt by it before merchant son Pogodin [223]. For the same reason in 1874 the bailiff of the Penza district court lieutenant Arhipov has cancelled the sale of a manor appointed to December, 11th, 1874 V.N.Dedovoj who was in 2 world camp of Chembarsky district of the Penza province near with. Christmas [224 [225].

The fact of not taken place auctions could serve as an occasion to the debtor on creation of such conditions at which cost of the sold decreased or process of sale of its property was as much as possible tightened. Despite the put arrest on property, the respondent could meaningly «reduce

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Value of property »by means of its tearing away or concealment.

In the Penza district court claimants with the requirement to organise in the prompt time at times informed the repeated auctions owing to overcoming of the above described circumstances. Also tjazhushchiesja asked the bailiff to take measures on protection of property both outside, and inside, that did not enter into direct duties of the bailiff [226]. In August, 1889 committee of bankruptcy, not hiding desire to leave the personal estate of the Penza merchant of N.V.Tchekalin not sold from the first auctions behind itself, asked bailiff Andreeva about the prompt appointment of the repeated auctions [227]. Contradictions in the course of the auction organisation accompanied development of institute of bailiffs long time, that as a result could lead to deliberate failure of the auctions, or tightened this process.

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67

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Since March, 1908, at the auctions the following line of conduct of persons, in it participating has everywhere started to be traced: the debtor, aspiring to delay alienation of the property, offered incommensurably high prices

71 and by that forced to refuse the auction of real buyers.

Order introduction at which to the persons participating in the auction became response of the Russian power, was charged to bring prior to the beginning of the auction the tenth part of cost of the property meant in trading sheet. The first already in October, 1909 on similar changes the Petersburg district court which in the order entered the rules complicating access to the auctions of persons, being not for purchase, and for extraction of own benefits has reacted. Such rules could concern an order of entering into trading sheets of the bailiff of names, patronymics, surnames, ranks and addresses, and also the certificate of their solvency, entering of cash for definition - the valid buyer or imaginary. The persons, wishing to bargain, should represent the deposit, otherwise the auctions would be imaginary and would lose the

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Appointment.

Let's notice, that in the order of the Penza district court of 1909 the progressive norm obliging potential buyers to bring any cost from the price of sold property, is absent [228 [229] [230]. The traditional order of the organisation of market places in the Penza province promoted, in our opinion, to its preservation and served as the corroborating evidence of what to unify system of final process from the centre it was extremely difficult.

In territory of Russian empire since November, 1911 in order to avoid participation in the auctions fictitious sorevnovatelej such procedure of the auctions at which judicial authorities obliged trading to bring zadatochnye money from last highest declared price was entered in the charter of civil legal proceedings and in a case nevnesenija those the penalty was imposed on them. The buyer who has offered for a manor the top price, has been obliged immediately upon termination of the auction to bring not less the tenth part of the meant price. In case of price non-payment in the established seven-day term the deposit brought by it was gathered to a total sum obtained for property. In a case nevnesenija the deposit the buyer was exposed to collecting by means of police of three percent from the price declared by it [231]. The given norm everywhere became a basis of activity of institute of bailiffs after its approval by the emperor only since January, 11th, 1913

In the Penza province activity of bailiffs was surveied by the Penza control chamber. It checked correctness of conducting by bailiffs of monetary books. In June, 1898 to the bailiff of the Penza district court Andreevu after check the instruction that it has not been consider the received one rouble [232] has been taken out. Thereupon Andreevu it was necessary to report to control chamber about possible waste or documentary to confirm the fact of entering of the lost sum of exchequer

The Ministry of Justice regularly enquired data on the crimes made by bailiffs that testifies that the higher state bodies carried out constant monitoring of functioning of institute of bailiffs [233].

Each complaint to the police officer it was checked on conformity of its objectivity of charges. In the Penza province for 1899 on bailiffs was

9 complaints [234], for 1900 8 are submitted, but any has not received satisfaction [235], for 1901 - 16 complaints, from them are satisfied 6 [236], for 1902 the number of complaints to bailiffs - 5 has been submitted only 3 complaints [237], in 1904, is recognised - 1 [238]. Sketchy statistical data testify to dynamics of office infringements of bailiffs of the Penza province about lawful and in the whole diligent performance of the duties by them.

Thus, we deal institutsionalnym with development of service of bailiffs. Already on January, 11th, 1888 the State council has agreed with opinion of Ministry of Justice on essence of disciplinary manufacture concerning the bailiff and about its attraction to the criminal liability, and on February, 29th the same year the given norm has been approved by the Emperor. Nevertheless, the final statement in this process belonged to an appellate court which could cancel or change the order of the heads concerning the bailiff [239 [240].

Bjurokratizatsija activity of the bailiff, including great volume of writing duties (dostavlenie summonses, correspondence with tjazhushchimisja, placing of announcements of sale of property, etc.), in our opinion, prevented to define accurate borders of activity of the police officer, even despite the standard maintenance of its rights and duties. Conclusions of a similar sort in the scientific work does Ivanov O. A on a material of the Kazan province where specifies, that performance by the police officer of duties on delivery of summonses was the negative factor which tightened

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Decree execution.

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It is necessary to agree with Golubeva V. M's opinion which has come to conclusion that the judiciary reform is first attempt to allocate regulation of legal relations in the field of final process in an independent direction [241]. The given public relations logically defined an essence of the rights and duties of the bailiff at its interaction with tjazhushchimisja which in the Penza province after the organisation of the Penza district court in 1871 could address with the requests directly to the police officer, demanding from it decree executions. So there was a centralised order of activity and management of final process of the Penza district court through the specially-authorised persons - bailiffs. However archaically enough there was an order of the message with tjazhushchimisja through police administration to which help the Penza police officers with requests for dispatch of court orders or as it was mentioned above delivery of summonses often resorted.

Auxiliary character of activity of bailiffs is caused by inclusion in process of execution of representatives of other state bodies (police, local governments) or the persons of the judiciary supervising activity of the police officer (for example, associate justice necessarily present at the auctions).

Absence of possibility to make of the decision deprived of the bailiff of an autonomy on search of debtors and their property. Activity of the bailiff had reactionary character that was shown first of all that it carried out the majority of actions depending on the arrived payment for business conducting, or on the basis of references arriving on his name from tjazhushchihsja or their representatives. Case character of activity of the police officer in the absence of the developed practice of the executive
In the Penza province the conclusion does not give the chance to us to draw on the consolidated line of actions of police officers on execution of decrees manufacture.

2.2.

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A source: BOLDYREV Denis Vjacheslavovich. FORMATION And DEVELOPMENT of INSTITUTE of BAILIFFS In RUSSIAN EMPIRE In 1864-1917 (ON MATERIALS of the PENZA PROVINCE). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of historical sciences. Penza - 2017. 2017

More on topic 2.1. Key aspects of collecting of debts in the Penza province:

  1. BOLDYREV Denis Vjacheslavovich. FORMATION And DEVELOPMENT of INSTITUTE of BAILIFFS In RUSSIAN EMPIRE In 1864-1917 (ON MATERIALS of the PENZA PROVINCE). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of historical sciences. Penza - 2017, 2017
  2. features of the monetary maintenance of bailiffs of the Penza province
  3. Chapter 3. KEY ASPECTS of ACTIVITY of SPECIAL COURT ON Sierra-LEONE
  4. CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION KEY EDUCATIONAL KOMPETENTSY PUPILS OF THE SENIOR CLASSES RESOURCES OF THE NETWORK THE INTERNET
  5. §7 Responsibility of successors on the debts which are a part of the enterprise
  6. Chapter 2. Personnel and material support of bodies of political investigation of the Yenisei province
  7. § 4. Alternative ways of reception of debts
  8. Dynamics of urgent loan debts of physical persons
  9. 3.3.1. Re-structuring of tax debts of legal bodies and a problem of suppression of tax crimes.
  10. ways of acceptance and renunciation of succession. The liability for debts of the estate-leaver.
  11. features of a legal regime of the taxation at bankruptcy of the tax agent (including at debts on NDFL)
  12. the Collecting and the analysis of own results
  13. § 1.1. CONCEPT OF COLLECTING OF MATERIAL EVIDENCES
  14. the anamnesis Collecting
  15. KUPTSOVA Sofia Nikolaevna. the JUDICIAL RIGHT: GENERAL-THEORETICAL And COMPARATIVE ASPECT. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Penza - 2017, 2017
  16. § 2.1. INVESTIGATORY ACTIONS AS APPROPRIATE WAYS COLLECTING OF MATERIAL EVIDENCES
  17. Maksimov Roman Aleksandrovich. the MECHANISM of ACTION of the RIGHT In EXTREME SITUATIONS (General-theoretical aspect). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Penza - 2014, 2014
  18. § 1.2. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WAYS OF COLLECTING OF THE MATERIAL PROOFS IN CRIMINAL TRIAL