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3.3. Political search: work with confidential informers and perlustration

Confidential employees in struggle against opposition were used in Russia long enough time, however work with them had the unsystematic, periodical and decentralised character. The technique of secret-service activity began to be fulfilled only from the end of XIX century because of development of mass revolutionary movement.

In Europe (Austria, France, Prussia, etc.) the notification system has been adjusted still in nach. XIX century also was normal at struggle against political opposition and counterprospecting activity [644].

Work with informers was most zakonspirirovannym aspect of activity of the Russian political police. The confidential employee — the informant systematically giving primary data on illegal activity in territorial bodies DP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Officers OKZH before the First Russian revolution on the whole neglected similar work, concentrating on performance of the formal duties. It was a consequence, both basic aversion "shpionstva", and absence of experience [645]. P.I.Rachkovsky (the manager. Foreign agency DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs 1885-1902) P.N.Durnovo (director DP wrote the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1884-1893) In 1892 that a considerable obstacle to agency development were «inveterate prejudices against the internal agent as selling, immoral and predatelstvujushchego the person» [646]. In the same place it was said also that external supervision will not be effective without notification in the revolutionary organisations. P.P.Zavarzin in a note «About the coming

System use of confidential employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the end of XIX century was led only by security branches of St.-Petersburg and Moscow and out of empire limits (so-called «the Foreign agency» DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs). In particular it was allocated Moscow "ohranka" where in 1896-1902 commanded With. V.Zubatov. As marked A.I.Spiridovich, «a cash employees from socialists and public men and successes of the Moscow branch and its popularity» [647 [648] spoke. It could design model of political police on the basis of already available saved up experience and the "Moscow" system. The ideas it could introduce on all country for the short period of the management of Special department DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1902-1903). The requirement of obligatory acquisition of an agency has appeared in instructions of chiefs of security branches and GZHU with 1902 [649].

In the document published by former employee DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs of L. P.Menshchikovym, testified, that in Krasnoyarsk the security branch organised in 1903, there was a confidential agency [650]. I.I.Bojtsov, the former head of a desk of the Yenisei spiritual consistory was one of informers. It voluntary, «on belief», has gone on cooperation with EGZHU in July, 1903, having given out local committee RSDRP printing house. P.D.Voznesensky has acquainted I.I.Bojtsova with the chief of security branch N.A.Rutlandom. From the same document it is visible, that operative experience on work with informers at chief EGZHU was not available. During a call behind it the corporal to the place of work has been sent. As I.I.Bojtsov, N.A.Rutland wrote asked it not to speak to chief EGZHU about cooperation with security branch to avoid a failure.

Besides it showed data from Bojtsova as the information from a two
Employees ("Sinergist" and "Sokolov"). [651] As a result, not looking at all diligence of security branch, I.I.Bojtsov as the informer has been opened and convicted in «gos. A crime». Inquiry led EGZHU with fevr. 1904 [652]. It has forced to address it with the application in DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and business has been ceased by magazine of Special meeting at the governor from 8 avg. 1904 [653]. The given situation characterises a situation of absence of a secret-service regional network and an operational experience with them.

Events became 1905-1907 the factor which has forced DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs to attend by mass recruitment in a province, the Instruction on the organisation and conducting internal confidential supervision »(from 10 fevr Has been developed«. 1907) where the behaviour of the officer in detail registered, the manager. Confidential employees [654]. However in 1907-1908 it was noticed, that in a number of GZHU inertness and almost full absence of an agency [655] were observed.

M.S.Komissarov recollected, that «the Instruction...» 1907 for the first time has seen only in 1909 in Krasnoyarsk what «left the whole correspondence» [656]. Former chiefs got acquainted with it in Irkutsk. At V.F.Zheleznjakovu's establishment ERP have sent the whole package of documents, in which number and «Position about regional security branches» 1906, and «the Instruction.» It was underlined 1907, that documents for acquaintance and not predlezhali to copying [657]. In Yenisei lips. The combination to the ambassador of 1908 of functions of security branch and GZHU assumed acquaintance of chief EGZHU and the subordinate to it the manager. KRP with the given category of the office documentation. ROO realised in regions new methods DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs on recruitment of confidential employees and work with them. M.I.Trusevich (director DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1906-1909) Explained, that it was not forbidden «to have central [to understand as: regional] an agency» [658]. To Besides, sent officers and officials DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs in region for improvement of quality of search was authorised to be got to employees (ts. 6 sent. 1907 № 134168) [659].

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

The privacy mode meant wide use of office pseudonyms for employees, in 1909 it is the requirement has been repeatedly staticized (ts. № 127456 from 9 apr. 1909) [660]. Original names and surnames of agents were known only to officers supervising them and officials of Special department DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Confidential employees had various classification: 1) on character of cooperation, — regular ("constant") or periodical ("auxiliary", "piece"); 2) in an informing subject, — on concrete political parties or the organisations, perlustration, the criminal environment and so on; 3) on reliability degree: reliable or unreliable («inclined to provokatorstvu») the employee. Division on character of cooperation left practice of the Moscow security branch. S.V.Zubatov in relation to "shtuchnikam" had opinion, that they «selling skins». [661] Constant agents were on the monthly maintenance adjusted with DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, had "profiles" of activity. Notification process had simple structure: contacts to the agent were supported by the officer on secret apartments. It could enlist itself the employee or "receive" it from the former curator who has left on the new duty station. With "shtuchnikami" gendarme corporals often informally worked. In EGZHU there was no categorically scornful relation to this group. Changeable agents were used widely and could get to constants in due course. M.S.Baykov divided periodical informers into candidates for constant employees and actually "shtuchnikov" [662].

In Yenisei lips. From the moment of abolition of security branch to establishment KRP presence of regular employees in EGZHU is not fixed. Data from the Siberian region of committee of socialists-revolutionaries and a clod. The Siberian union of social democrats which settled down and operated in Krasnoyarsk, gathered informers of Irkutsk security branch and were transferred in Yenisei lips. [663]. Formation of own secret-service network on a constant basis has been connected with establishment KRP and submission of all provincial structures of political police ROO in Irkutsk. The first structure of employees covered only Krasnoyarsk and totaled on fevr. 1908 only three employees and one "correspondent": "Station" (a pseudonym of the worker zh.d. S.Bedy) delivered data from circle of social democrats; « The old man »(worker E. P.Frolov) — on PSR both to trade union of railwaymen and"Ptitsyn"(worker I.Strepetov) — on anarchist associations. The informer ("correspondent") exiled A.I.Kozlov was not considered as the agent, kept in contact from Angarski Krai simple letters [664].

Siberian ROO has entered in regional divisions of a rule of the account of the secret-service information, developed in DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs. «Diaries of intelligence» in the form of writing-books on each category should fix all data given by the agent. These documents should be duplicated without delay to Irkutsk without logging of proceeding papers (the order of chief ROO № 942 from 20 apr. 1908) [665].

Open there is a question on number of the "Siberian" confidential employees. By Z.I.Peregudovoj's estimations, for 1880-1917 in empire operated no more than 10 thousand confidential employees. «The historical encyclopaedia of Siberia» concerning the period included 1906-1917 figure apprx. 200 agents [666]. It raises the doubts: for the same interval we fix 138 people only in Yenisei lips. Therefore to compare share change
The provincial agency in dynamics while is not present possibility. The cut on eve of falling of a monarchy will be more concrete: since October 1916 on fevr. 1917 1579 employees [667] all over the country operated. In Yenisei lips., on our data, those was 24. Hence, before monarchy falling confidential agents EGZHU did not constitute and 2 % from total of the colleagues on all empire. Presumably it is connected with war and the movements of manpower resources caused by it: the part of informers has undergone to a military appeal, other part - has ceased cooperation.

Attempt to establish age, a nationality and sphere of professional work at the moment of recruitment has been undertaken. These parametres for certain managed to be revealed only at 61 persons. At all the age varied from 20 till 45 years, to a sexual sign only 2 have appeared women. On nationalities there was a following distribution. On 3 - Latvians, Germans (1 - the prisoner of war), Poles, malorossy; 1 Byelorussian; 1 Austrian, 8 Jews and the others - Russian. By a trade: 16 exiled, 14 workers, 12 post officials, 6 employees, 5 without certain employment, 2 prisoners of war, the teacher, the pupil and the retired military man.

The significant amount of exiled of all categories is caused by several factors. First, existence in Yenisei lips influenced. The mass political exile which is regularly filled up from different regions. It was contingent very convenient for police work - their accessory to the underground organisations is already revealed, it was necessary to establish only behind them supervision. Secondly, punishment for runaway from the reference after capture it was punished up to penal servitude. Therefore, for closing of the business or mitigation of punishment, unlucky fugitives went to work polices. In - the third, rendering of services to gendarmes could affect as softening of a mode of the maintenance, and reference commutation.

It is illustrated by A.D.Pokrovskogo's sentenced in 1906 by 5 years of the reference recruitment. It disappeared 3 years in cities of Siberia before capture in Omsk.
It has forced it to go on cooperation with gendarmerie and business about runaway has been closed, A.D.Pokrovsky has been sent in Yenisei lips. Cooperation with police (under a pseudonym "Zalm") has helped in further to be translated to Krasnoyarsk and even to reduce reference term: in 1912 Pokrovsk offered the services in Tomsk [668]. Other person under surveillance, O.Ejduk (the "Roadway" pseudonym), has opened plans of exiled on a robbery of mail and murder of the policeman urjadnika. For it he has deserved transfer from Turuhansky edge to Yeniseisk where has been enlisted N. G.Ivanenko (avg. 1908) also it is sent to Krasnoyarsk before the termination of term of the reference in 1909 [669].

Presence big among agents of number of post employees also was not casual. Saved up in XVIII—XIX centuries experience showed, that perlustration (from an armour was one of effective methods. «perlustro» — a review), — process of private interception and dredging of the post correspondence of the suspect. It brought more than an operative material, than search of informers from opposition. Viewing of messages of the persons consisting under police supervision within Irkutsk general of a-governorship has been legalised after the statement by Nikolay of II report of minister V.K.Pleve (on May, 27th, 1904) . In this case the right to opening of the correspondence which belonged only to the Minister of Internal Affairs under item 29 «Positions about police surveillance» 1882, was delegated politsmejsteram, ispravnikam and to chiefs GZHU [670]. In Krasnoyarsk on police service the chief of mail A.A.Galler (it of "Pauls") consisted. However stationary perljustratsionnye points have been opened only in large cities of the European part of empire. Irkutsk GZHU it has been given up in opening of similar structure [671]. As in DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs reports on post agents were constantly sent, means, he not only knew about secret perlustration, but also encouraged it, allocating money resources. Unique restriction, which
P.G.Kurlov has put, was ts. № 106456 (from 25 avg. 1911) that reception of data was not carried out by corporals OKZH. Therefore in Kansk officers ZHPU zh.d were engaged in perlustration. [672].

In work with the intercepted letters the informer personally met the officer and transferred it a material which has seemed to it the most interesting from the operatively-search point of view. V.F.Zheleznjakov worked under the following scheme: if the chief of pochtovo-cable branch (M.A.Barsuk, it "Sidorov") could not transfer personally the revealed material it always had envelopes with the printed form and official stamp EGZHU. By means of the given office requisite masking was made, — packages were transferred to corporals under the pretext of the office correspondence. [673] quantity of the seen letters in ERP was considerable as it is known, that V.F.Zheleznjakov looked through everyone

694

The letter addressed by the exiled of all categories [674].

In large post establishments tried to involve chiefs and several employees. So, in Krasnoyarsk and Yeniseisk with 1910 for 1917 operated on 2 constant agents. Besides, in the provincial centre through mail went mountains. Telecommunication where daughter A.A.Gallera worked. V.F.Zheleznjakov when actually supervised Yenisei mail, in addition having enlisted postman Gorbunova (it "Barin") which transported letters from Yeniseisk in Turuhansky edge. In Kansk, has not been enlisted yet in 1916 the chief of post office I.A.Malyhin (it of "Alexanders"), withdrawal of letters in this city has been connected with difficulties. L.A.Obolensky reported in EGZHU, that one of the employees, "Vasily" working under a pseudonym, could not bring a lot of advantage as packaged the received departures not one [675]. With the beginning of war the quantity of letters has increased in times, and the maintenance quite often concerned conditions in the country or
Positions on fronts. To sulfurs. The quantity of constant agents (to 8 persons) and "applicants" on communication points 1916 has grown. In Yenisei lips. 9 pochtovo-cable offices, 22 pochtovo-cable and 25 post offices [676] were. From them EGZHU supervised 5 offices and 2 post offices in key settlements. According to M.S.Baykov, in 1916 it was monthly looked through from several tens to several hundreds letters in districts and more than hundred a day in Krasnoyarsk [677].

In ERP letters fotokopirovali, and in EGZHU - copied or reprinted. If the addressee or the sender were in other region after copying they were dispatched in other provinces for an establishment of authorship and revealing of additional data. Officers OKZH at perlustration had to work much with texts in other languages. Transfers were carried out outside of region with use of the made copies. The unusual case took place in Minusinsk district where translations from German, the Latvian and Estonian languages carried out mountain ispravnik Radetsky (on the average forty letters in 1 month) on a gratuitous basis. For it to it M.S.Baykov petitioned before DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs for award delivery in 200 rivers [678] Pocherkovedchesky examination was spent in region. For ERP it was carried out by collegiate registrar I.A.Ljapidus [679]. Materials formed demonstrative base at use «Positions.» 1881 and «Rules.» 1892, being designated as «the data received secret-service by». In civil court they did not move.

In the course of perlustration there were also failures. Since March, 1913, it was recommended to make dredging of letters or to accept materials from workers of mail only to officers OKZH. Therefore the delivery man of Achinsk office M.P.Katkova have dismissed. After that it in a state of intoxication has publicly announced data on the letters, connected by private investigations
About local trade union of salesmen and the shtabs-captain of a local regiment V.A.Halopajnena. Scandal has forced EGZHU to transfer perlustration in Achinsk to officer ZHPU zh.d., as it has been made in Kansk [680]. Capture process under the control of post service was one of priorities of work EGZHU since 1907, after 1913 intervention of bodies DP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in work of local mail was got by system character.

To spend a comprehensive estimation of quantity and quality of delivered data inconveniently as the primary documents filled with officers at meetings, have not remained almost. The similar source fixing konspirativnee meetings of L.A.Obolensky with agents (17 persons) in second half of 1915 — 1916 [681], shows, that for autumn of 1915 by L.A.Obolenskim is organised 41, and in 1916 — 122 meetings. In "diaries" employees of mail (except for "Ivanov" sojourning on the item Taishet, Irkutsk lips were not brought.) In day could pass no more than 2-3 appointments. Use of the secret-service information in a consequence and inquiry EGZHU, probably to measure only on an interval 1911-1916 In 1916, on the eve of P.P.Zavarzin, M.S.Baykov's inspection has constituted «the Alphabet of the persons who were passing on secret-service reports» [682], the list of surnames with instructions of year and a source of data. The information did not get to the catalogue from agents of mail. Therefore, without perlustration, for 1911-1916 the agency has informed about 720 suspected persons (from them in days of war — 431). Verification of a source with «Magazine of inquiries» and registers DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, has given digital expression (Tables 21 and 22) [683]. Even at fluctuation of total of inquiries, the number of persons on which informed directly, varied (Table 22) a little. It is connected, possibly, with financial maintenance and objective possibilities of use of informers.

T and l and ts and 2 1 - the General indicators of use of the secret-service information in

To practice of manufacture of inquiries EGZHU, 1911-1916

The period Quantity of inquiries, units Quantity convicted, the person
The general kol-in With secret-service data The general kol-in Under secret-service supervision
1911 61 8 109 19
1912 58 5 88 8
1913 35 7 57 10
1914 36 6 47 16
1915 49 12 97 17
1916 64 7 125 15

In inquiries under the exclusive legislation direct use of an agency was more often, than at procedures on «to the Charter...» 1864 (Table 22): in the first the information of informers will be considered as the given reason proof whereas in the second - is not present.

T and l and ts and 2 2 - the Differentiated indicators of use of the secret-service information by manufacture of inquiries EGZHU, 1911-1916

In units

The period Inquiry under «the criminal trial Charter» Inquiry under the exclusive legislation
The general kol-in With data of agents The general kol-in With data of agents
1911 20 2 41 6
1912 11 47 5
1913 6 1 29 6
1914 10 26 The same
1915 12 2 37 10
1916 23 41 7

From the total, got in «the Alphabet.» (720 persons), have reached a stage of legal reprisal only 85 (11,8 %). In L.A.Obolensky's "Diary" on enough considerable quantity of the information there are "note" resolutions, «to data» and so on. It is necessary to specify, that have been included

Inquiries in which could pass more person, than those who directly has got under secret-service supervision. A role of informers in proceedings on «gos. To crimes» was base, but not universal.

The agency had classification by object of supervision. Informers from the Left-wing radical organisations were meted on an accessory to movement (RSDRP, PSR, anarchists). Work in legal public organisations was designated as "social movement", perlustration — "censorship". Data on deserters, fluent exiled and prisoners of war were marked in documents under a signature stamp "fluent" or "illegal". The small agency was paid for number among criminals. Employees in liberal movement are not fixed. As show researches, on the given category the police seldom got constant agents, and in separate regions they are not fixed in general [684].

Informers from the Left-wing radical organisations, in particular on RSDRP and PSR were considered as the priority. In 1907-1908 agents on eseram and to anarchists were adjacent because of contacts of these groups with each other. Further because of prompt reduction of number of the last notification about them left from priority. So, in 1912 chief EGZHU offered the Moscow security branch of the agent And. V.Serkina (it "Eaglet", the appendix 15) as «the anarchical organisations in the Yenisei province was not available» [685]. Proceeding from the short reports delivered in DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the given political trend, EGZHU during this period it was limited to perlustration [686].

Employees on social democrats for 1906-1917 was not less than 22 persons. The worker railway masterful Strabovsky (it "Petrov", served in 1909-1917) with most was the largest figure
The large salary among all agents EGZHU (100 rivers in month). It was one of key figures among Krasnoyarsk social democrats. According to «to the alphabet...», Strabovsky has informed on activity of 47 persons. The largest liquidation of Krasnoyarsk organisation RSDRP has been carried out thanks to the constant information from its party (data "Turuhantsa", "Modest" and "Known" carried were auxiliary). After that it not only has not got under suspicion of revolutionaries, but also has been sent to represent the Siberian region a clod. At the Viennese conference of Central Committee RSDRP in 1912 [687].

In regional organisations PSR it has been introduced not less than 26 employees. N.Shlejfman has tried to estimate scale of secret-service introduction of police in PSR. According to its calculations, from an aggregate number of party members (856 persons), 44 - employees DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [688] data revealed by the present research are said that by these data incomplete. As well as in a case with social democrats, liquidating affairs in territory Yenisei lips. Were accompanied by direct notification, but such large employees on the party influence as Strabovsky in RSDRP, was not. All of them were regional level.

The term "social movement" covered the same party groups, but operating legal by. Correspondence about «Incorporated revolutionary group» in 1915-1916 into which members of Krasnoyarsk committees RSDRP and PSR entered became the largest business in this direction. On a course of meeting of group informed at once four agents, which

709

Carefully vzaimoproverjalis [689].

Data on "illegal immigrants" of different categories could deliver and "party" agents. Prior to the beginning of the First World War in Yenisei lips. Desertion was not the mass phenomenon and, means, EGZHU did not put struggle against it in a priority. However mass appeals have considerably increased number uklonistov and deserters. V.F.Dzhunkovskogo's order from March, 13th, 1913, prohibited to hire the bottom ranks [690]. Its receiver, D.N.Tatischev, has tried to cancel this interdiction in 1915, but the special commission has ruined this offer voices from army [691]. Researchers converge that it was serious blow on supervision in armed forces [692]. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs have been deprived possibility to bar attempt of flight of parts at an early stage. In Krasnoyarsk there was an agency in the circles close both to soldiers, and to propagandists. It was possible to establish, that military organisation PSR of Krasnoyarsk garrison in 1916-1917 shined With. And. Markets (it «the Taiga midge», the appendix 15), and data on Menshevist propagation in F.I.Berzin's garrison (it of "Giants", the employee Krasnoyarsk mountains. Justices). However, till 1917 notification in army parts was weak, and struggle against desertion has turned to struggle against consequences.

Almost there was no notification about prisoners of war. The rare attention concerned only a concentration camp in Krasnoyarsk. In the environment of younger officers the spring of 1916 possible to enlist the lieutenant German and the ober-lieutenant avstroyovengerskoj armies: Joseph Mengerta (the agent "Lean") and Dezhe the Croat (the employee "Thin"). To apr. 1916 with their help it was possible to reveal helpers fluent and to bar trade in passports of Denmark outside of Krasnoyarsk concentration camp [693]. Their cooperation has appeared short. In the summer of 1916 D.Horvat has accepted Russian citizenship and has left in
Field army, continuing work with counterspionage Irkutsk IN [694]. To a deck. 1916 in lists of agents J.Mengert was not registered also. The teacher who has offered the prospecting service EGZHU from Achinsk M.P.Bahov (it "Achinsk") in 1913 has been transferred in Kiev IN for work in Galicias (Austro-Hungary) as had communications among rusinskih nationalists [695].

Long time there was a category of the agents giving data on criminal crimes. There was a question on competency to have such informers. When in 1913-1914 in Vost. Siberia organised crime growth was observed, DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs has given out only the time permission to the maintenance of "criminal" agents [696]. A special department (ts. № 106765 from 28 fevr. 1910) allowed to hire employees for struggle against criminal offences against a condition, that the received data should interfere with expropriations [697]. Dealer P.V.Radajkin (agent "vasja", 1912-1917) was the valuable constant agent of this category With the monthly maintenance 25 rivers It served time for buying up of stolen property [698] twice, has been last time arrested by police on business about the organisation of anarchists (on navodke V.I.Edelshtejna, "sleepyheads") [699] for which should deliver the weapon. After arrest has agreed to co-operate, having given out the buyers [700]. Further it has given out 15 more (on «to the Alphabet.»). In L.A.Obolensky's "Diary" 17 meetings are fixed. Under the maintenance of data basically concerned counterfeiters.

Other employees were fixed "shtuchnikami" and in reports were registered under collective names. [701] they helped with capture of fluent exiled and prisoners of war, uklonistov and deserters. So, 5 "shtuchnikov" in
June, 1916 have helped to establish the helper to runaways of captured military men from Krasnoyarsk camp - the journalist (clerk) of the policeman upr. I.Stepanova. M.S.Baykov reported in DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, that by means of the given category from June, 1915 till June, 1916 has been detained EGZHU in Krasnoyarsk 172 and Kansk - 213 persons [702]. The informers giving the information on "illegal immigrants" it is fixed not less than 34, 16 from them which be registered on constant employees, the others - periodical. From regular informers only 2 specialised on "obshcheugolovnym" to crimes. It is possible to conclude, that agents for capture fluent were one of priority categories EGZHU, and "criminal" - are not present.

The question on "provocation" is important. Revolutionaries this term named all operative maneuvers of police connected with notification. Policemen "provokatorstvom" designated actions of the employee leading «double game». Most capaciously "provocation" was designated by the former chief of capital security branch And. V.Gerasimov: artificial creation of a crime [703]. The confidential employee could be the subject both police, and. In EGZHU only 11 employees the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been dismissed with message DP: the order on all regional establishments in which it was specified to take in agents "reliable" was published. It does not mean, that other employees were not convicted of it: them could translate in other region and already there proscribed from informers. Not all dismissed were "provokers": are a little convicted of an alcoholism, a little - in forgery of data, 1 - for a narcotism. Often agents did not converge with the curators in a payment question. But there were also real cases of artificial creation (provoking) of a crime. So, in 1910 of S.B.Rozentsvejg (it "Palestinian") was among the counterfeiters who have adjusted manufacture of money in Achinsk. After
Long time it has handed over enterprise EGZHU. [704] I.Berzin (the employee of "Giants") tried in nach. To create group among soldiers 1917

725 Krasnoyarsk garrisons for their further delivery of police [705].

At recruitment of the employee officers OKZH tried to check up in advance wishing to serve police. For example, in June, 1912 V.F.Zheleznjakov checked exiled Mihalevicha by means of inquiries in other regions and nine-hour conversation. After all enquired officers have expressed opinion, that Mihalevich "is not reliable", and during conversation "insincerity" has been revealed, its services have been denied [706]. After the First Russian revolution also there was a category of people which tried to earn receipt on service. So, in 1910 it was found out, that certain N. M.Presler offered services to various gendarme divisions in territory of Siberia, the Far East and Manchzhurii [707].

The "provocation" dramatized by officers OKZH was more serious. Under the law the agent was the criminal already the fact of the finding in the illegal organisation, the supervising post in it was burdening circumstance. Therefore only activity of the informer Strabovsky ("Petrov") can be qualified as "provocation". Officially DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs forbade a similar kind activity (ts. № 125449 from May, 10th, 1907). It was required to push, on the one hand, the agent actively to participate in organisation activity, with another, — to subject to arrest the organisation [708]. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1913 ordered to liquidate the organisation at the moment of its disclosing, not waiting growth (so-called «a precautionary method») [709]. The given instructions dispersed from an expediency principle that is why it was frequently ignored by Department [710].

In EGZHU the project of creation of the fictitious revolutionary organisation took place. V.F.Zheleznjakov in 1913 has written the letter to London Latvian eseru Sidrabsu (English Sidrabs) on behalf of invented exiled of Latvians of Turuhansky edge who have ostensibly created mutual aid cash desk. «Mutual aid cash desks» have been sent "having got tired", reprinted with withdrawn at liquidation present. As the address for correspondence the apartment of corporal ERP has been specified. Addresses have come To the answer from London, Paris and Libavy for fulfilment of runaways and 35 rivers cash the illegal literature. Process was stopped by M.S.Baykov as considered it "inadmissible" [711].

Concealment of the deserter is fixed. So, in avg. There was deserting soldier M.S.Losikov 1916 (it "Grandfather") has been caught unter - officers OKZH and 10 more person in exchange on a lack of distribution to its military court has agreed to open a site. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs have been informed on it, but the soldier and have not made accountable [712]. EGZHU resorted to any opening and closing of affairs, delivery of false documents of informers from among exiled. At fictitious runaway from V.M.Razumova's prison (the agent "Seryozha") to court have involved the supervisor [713]. At A.I.Mejluka's recruitment in 1915, after its unsuccessful runaway from the reference and arrest, business have closed and have written out the passport addressed to F.K.Timmermana. Document manufacturing made vahmistr on the form Irkutsk politsmejstera, and the impress of a seal was stored in V.F.Zheleznjakova's table among other [714]. It could be carried to operational and tactical receptions [715] but if in a criminal police such methods were justified by crime control in the given sphere the argument was less firm.

Other aspect of secret-service work EGZHU — cooperation with divisions ZHPU zh.d. They though were part OKZH, but the right of recruitment of own agency to them have been transferred only in 1905 after the decree to the Senate (№
1412) [716]. In 1906 the chief of a staff of the Case ordered (the order on OKZH № 145): «Each chief, certainly, is obliged to have Confidential employees or auxiliary agents» [717]. From divisions ZHPU zh.d. In Yenisei lips. The agency was contained only by Krasnoyarsk branch. The first informers have been typed in 1908 from originally typed 6 agents long time consisted only 2. Unlike EGZHU in railway gendarmerie the constant staff replaced in 1914 because of mobilisation (Drawing 6) [718] was used long enough.

R and with at n about to 6 - Number and a party accessory of informers

ZHPU zh.d. In Yenisei lips., 1908-1916

Possibility of productive recruitment of informers was only in Krasnoyarsk where the great bulk of workers zh.d has been concentrated. Therefore EGZHU, zadejstvuja the given resource, tested dependence on the person of the officer supervising an agency. So, after wound during Krasnoyarsk pogrom on May, 7th, 1916 the chief of Krasnoyarsk branch ZHPU zh.d. N.I.
Ignatov, many contacts have been lost, and in constant staff remained Only "lazy". In janv. 1917 it has been officially translated in structure EGZHU. Therefore to February revolution use of an agency of railway gendarmerie has been ceased.

Thus, system work of bodies of political police with confidential informers in Yenisei lips. Has begun since 1908 though cooperation isolated facts are fixed earlier. OrganizatsionnoYOpravovaja the basis of the given activity has appeared only in 1902, after introduction of model of security branches in provinces. At initial statement of a secret-service network there was high role ROO. Thus capital controls, Special department DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, did not lose the control over personal structure and current activity of a regional agency.

Number of confidential informers in Yenisei lips. Was low (apprx. 2 % from agents in other empire in the end of 1916). The widespread type of the informant represented East slavic (Russian, the Ukrainian, the Byelorussian) the man of 20-45 years that coincided with sociological shape of the average inhabitant of region of a male. Besides, presence in Yenisei lips. A political exile (judicial and adm.), influenced a share of exiled as a part of confidential employees EGZHU. Expansion and perlustration perfection has led to mass recruitment of chiefs of post offices in 1909-1917

Activity of bodies of political police in Yenisei lips. It has been concentrated, mainly, to the Left-wing radical organisations (RSDRP and PSR). Counterprospecting activity and supervision of army divisions has been limited, therefore practically was not led at necessary level. The role of confidential informers in judicial and administrative prosecutions of opposition was considerable, but not universal. Notification for struggle against criminal offences, to suppression of runaways from places of military service (desertion), punishment departure (prison and the reference), passport control infringements practised.

In Yenisei lips. Bodies DP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not manage to avoid problems at work with confidential employees (blackmail and provocation), however their number was not critical. Infringement by gendarme ranks of the operating legislation in the operative purposes was observed: provocation, forging of documents, any closing of criminal cases, concealment of criminals. Concentration of a secret-service network of search points and railway gendarmerie under control of EGZHU and their association in the course of the decision of operatively-search problems allowed to dispose more effectively of an informative resource and not to reduce efficiency of political search by interdepartmental conflicts.

3.4. Auxiliary functions

By the end of XIX century — nach. HH century at OKZH was the whole complex of functions, which, however, at expansion of the rights in the field of a consequence and inquiry on «gos. To crimes», it was not cancelled by the legislator. In the directory about the Ministry of Internal Affairs it was listed following [719: 1]. Detection and research of criminal offences; 2. Protection of an external order, "blagochinija" and the public safety in a zone of railways (special divisions); 3. Police assistance at carrying out of holidays, fairs, the auctions and festivals; 4. Support of state property; 5. The help at suppression of fires; 6. Destruction of harmful animals, insects etc.; 7. Capture of deserters, fluent prisoners, robbers etc.; 8. Passport control; 9.

Besides it "supervision" of a private gold mining has been charged the Siberian divisions. For 1880-1917 participation EGZHU accompanied by state property, assistance to fire-fighting crews (except assistance of investigations of the reasons of a Krasnoyarsk fire in apr was not fixed. 1880) and destruction of "harmful animals». Regular passport control was carried out in special frontier points in ports and railway stations. Despite presence external gos. Borders in the south of the region, the given points were not available. However «Position.» Granted the right to check passport books at all persons who have caused suspicion at the officer or corporal OKZH 1881.

Konvoirovanie condemned on "political" crimes it was carried out by several departments. Besides the Shlisselburgsky fortress (till 1906), empire prisons were in conducting the Ministry of Justice. In Yenisei lips. The most part of prisoners contained in prison locks (in Krasnoyarsk and district cities). The maintenance at police stations and GZHU practised, but as a provisional measure, both for prisoners, and for detained persons. Konvoirovanie it has been assigned to special military commands [720]. In Yenisei lips. Achinsk was centre value of distribution of exiled. Further on a Minusinsko-Achinsk path sent parties went on the region south, on Moscow - on the east. In Krasnoyarsk parties for a settlement in the north of province [721] were separated. Support was made in unusual cases for transfer of important "criminals". On V.G.Korolenko's memoirs, exiled preferred corporals OKZH to soldiers. « Gendarmes were much kulturnee and have already got used to the reference with the political...

The standard base represented the administrative documentation: «the Instruction of the gendarme ranks accompanying arrested persons of persons» (the appendix to ts. On OKZH № 4372 from 1863) [722 [723] and «Time rules about the maintenance and transfer politically unreliable, intended to the reference» (ts. № 240 from July, 13th, 1880) [724]. At konvoirovanii corporals leant on adm. An infrastructure: post stations and GZHU where was possible to make stops (points 5 and 6 "Instructions" of 1868). [725]

Accordingly, having released from support gendarmes came within the jurisdiction local GZHU. The instruction of the chief upr. SZHO № 32 from 28 janv. 1867, orders of staff OKZH № 130 (1876) and the chief of staff OKZH № 8 (1879) allowed to assign to officers of other provinces on arrived unter - officers of function of an escort at their following in a way back. [726] despite existence of the uniform instruction, upr. SZHO has let out the additional instruction which completely shifted responsibility on chiefs GZHU (the Appendix 16). It entirely was necessary on "administrative ability" of escorts and chiefs GZHU which should choose and instruct executors [727].

Therefore, under E.K.Breshko-Breshkovskoj's certificate, at konvoirovanii in 1878 at different stages of a way there was a various relation of ranks OKZH to prisoners: if in the Volga region the most strict mode in Krasnoyarsk it was authorised to them to descend in a bath has been established. [728] V.G.Korolenko are specified by that during time konvoirovanija from Perm to Tobolsk in 1881 the gendarme corporal entered with it conversation, that

Was infringement of point 3 of "Instruction" 1868 [729]. If transfer was carried out within Krasnoyarsk, chief GZHU and the inspector of the prison lock in advance obgovarivali date and time of transfer of the exiled [730].

Till 1914 when have not forbidden to use corporals as filyorov, practice of participation in escorts was rare, then there were some changes: in 1915 there were 15 business trips of support not less than 16 persons. The geography was enough wide: from Omsk to Harbin. However in 1916 of force of corporals have passed to other kinds of works, and the facts konvoirovanija have decreased to 6 cases [731]. Thus, function of support by gendarmes of arrested persons and prisoners was exclusive and irreguljarnoj in practice EGZHU.

Assistance of police in struggle against criminal offences was regulated item 261 «the Charter.» 1864: gendarmes have been obliged to inform Office of Public Prosecutor or police on the law-breaking facts, had the right to detain suspects flagrante delicto. The public prosecutor could involve officers OKZH as investigators on criminal cases [732]. Only for 1892 corporals EGZHU have opened a little secret vinokuren, have detained 4 thieves, 2 tramps and 1 counterfeiter [733]. In 1901 in Achinsk district unter - officer Putjakov has found out murderers of the local peasant [734].

Throughout the studied period both structures suffered from small number: in Krasnoyarsk by 1906 80 persons of policemen and 17 gendarmes consisted, that at the population apprx. 50 thousand persons was obviously unsatisfactory. Under the law of 1887 police states became attached to a population (no more than 5 policemen in cities with number
The population to 2 thousand persons and 1 policeman on 500 inhabitants in larger centres) [735]. States of detective branches (since 1906) depended on a population [736], therefore the Krasnoyarsk branch (since 1908) was small.

Necessity of consolidation of bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, especially in P.A.Stolypina's work as the prime minister was top-level declared. In many outgoing documents in regions he underlined unity of the purposes and interests of all divisions of department. For example, in July, 1907 it cabled governors and gendarmes: «At my report to the SOVEREIGN to the EMPEROR about executions of the debt by ranks of police and the Separate case of gendarmes, ITS MAJESTY, has expressed the pleasure in an occasion valours of the general and gendarme police» [737]. The Same position has been declared in first number of "the police Bulletin» (the departmental edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). For the first time publicly on pages of the press the power has stated an equal positive estimation to both structures ("workers" on a dangerous post) [738].

Expansion of practice of use of a Siberian exile as political reprisal, has led to increase in a contingent of persons under surveillance. In nojab. 1908 only in Turuhansky edge there were 559 persons (not considering 133 running), and to spring of 1909 was planned to place 327 more person [739]. Preservation of former states and increase in loading of law enforcement bodies have made impossible to keep exiled in the ordered places. It has paid attention of A.A.Makarova (a companion of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1906-1909) [740].

Practice of operative interdepartmental meetings developed. In 1913 district and city policemen together with ERP developed measures on suppression of runaways of exiled. The meeting in Krasnoyarsk under presidency of the executing has been devoted on June, 18th, 1914 the same question
Duties of the governor B. of V.Pisarenkova where there were officials, 3 officers EGZHU, the prison inspector, and a part ispravnikov [741]. After 1914 questions on prisoners of war and development of measures on prevention of mass rioting (since 1916) [742] became subjects of discussions. Further the facts of assistance by gendarmes the policeman within the limits of item 261 «the Charter...» Tended growth (Table 23 [743]) 1864.

T and l and ts and 2 3 - Indicators of cooperation of police and gendarmerie within the limits of item 261 of "the criminal trial Charter»

In units

District The facts of assistance of police from party EGZHU
1896 1909 1913 1914
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Krasnoyarsk 6 28 45
Districts Krasnoyarsk and Канский* - - 4 3 2
The same Ачинский* and Минусинский* 1 - The same The same 2 The same 5 2
»Енисейский* 15 5 2
TOTAL 23 5 8 6 30 4 52 2
1 - Messages in police of

2 - the Same of corporals OK * - With the account district gorodo

shtserov OKZH.

Century

Basically pravoohraniteli contacted in Krasnoyarsk (5 cases in 1909 and 45 in 1914). Quality of this cooperation varied: in 1909 8 from 14 initiatives proceeded from officers (the others - from corporals), in 1913 - 30 of 34, and in 1914 - 52 of 54. It means that took place how many direct participation in suppression of crimes, how many supply by the concrete secret-service information.

According to command of the emperor to the Senate from 22 avg. 1914 the universal moratorium on sale of spirit and wine-vodka production has been extended to the end of war [744]. Practice of capture fluent and openings secret vinokuren has considerably extended. If in 1915 Upr. Duties has given out to ranks EGZHU for struggle with samogonovarenem 10 rivers, and the Yenisei provincial management for fluent - 282 rivers in 1916 these figures have constituted 230,4 and 384 rivers and in janv. 1917 - 116 and 6 rivers accordingly [745]. For the same period corporals have deserved one gratitude and 4 medals «For diligence». The Unusual case has occurred in 1913 when vahmistr F.Gladkov has detained in firing of the revolutionary Stakovsky for which the government of Germany promised 1,5 thousand marks. Negotiations about transfer of this sum vahmistru were led at level DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but it did not manage to receive compensation before war [746].

The data supplementing the characteristic of mutual relations EGZHU and police have remained. So, in 1910 the policeman in interrogation of the exiled has shown awareness on the maintenance of the correspondence intercepted EGZHU. [747] the Similar case has occurred in Krasnoyarsk in 1912 that has been recognised by "certainly inadmissible" in ts. Provincial upr. From 7 janv. 1912 [748] investigations EGZHU on police actions (beating and wound urjadnika, were in a state of intoxication Are fixed; and release from under arrest of the exiled) [749]. Gendarmes had a low opinion of abilities of the colleagues. So, in 1913 V.F.Zheleznjakov ironically wrote about turuhanskom the police officer with citing of its relation in ERP, that one of exiled has disappeared in Paris because of what the policeman did not know «how to arrive with detention» [750].

Thus, cooperation of bodies of police and EGZHU developed difficultly and gradually. The main complexity in dissociation overcoming was
Preservation after not complete reforms 1880-1883 of different status level and hierarchy system. Specificity of the Siberian region left traces on dynamics of cooperation, despite various subjective factors: first, the big spaces at small states; in - the second, preservation in region of a political exile throughout all investigated period; thirdly, a sluggishness of process of legislative innovations. The complex of these problems, and also a position of the political country leaders, have not led to formation of complete regional law-enforcement system of imperial Russia.

Among little-known functions of the Siberian gendarmerie there was a supervision of a private gold mining. Its occurrence has been caused by revolts of working mines Tomsk (1837) and Yenisei lips. (1841-1842) [751]. After that decrees about appointment to mines gendarme a staff - of the officer in Zap have been published. Siberia (1841) and Vost. Siberia (1842) [752]. Officers had the offices in Tomsk and Irkutsk, and since May, 1st on 1 okt. Each year were on mines. In apr. 1858 these posts have been abolished, and their powers have been meted between provincial staffs-officers of Tomsk, Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk. The instruction from 17 nojab. Ordered to report on incidents on III branch, the chief gendarme okr 1858. And the governor general. [753] duties were expressed once a year to visit mines with inspection. Retaliatory functions have laid down on mountain and general police.

With the edition «Positions about the Case of gendarmes» 1867, this duty has remained. When in EGZHU, there was a post of the assistant to the chief on Yenisei okr. (District), it was occupied with V.V. Yashin. L.F.Panteleev serving to managing directors in the various companies Yenisei lips. (1866-1874), testified to unsuccessful attempts of the officer to investigate the illegal
Gold sale. Thanks to V.V. acquaintance. Yashin from L.F.Panteleevym, one of corporals EGZHU began to work in office of the company Bazilevsky. The memoirist specified in a regularity of transfer of envelopes with money to chiefs EGZHU (I.I.Bork and Ampere-second. Banin) businessmen during their visitings of Yeniseisk [754].

In 1881 has come to light, that last report on a state of affairs on crafts the governor general has been sent in 1876 [755] Its quality estimated low: on mines «one figures» which mechanically corresponded from papers of mountain police moved. Chief EGZHU denied presence at it instructions of 1858 though trips on deposits did not stop. In such a manner that realisation of the given function till 1880 was reduced to compulsion of industrialists to bribes and drawing up of formal reports. Upr. SZHO in 1881 has ordered «to enter into a domestic situation of mines, to particularise in reports an internal life of crafts» [756], that has appeared annual "Review" of province for 1882 of M.V.Gerasimov [757]. «The annual report on a review of the Yenisei district» (1882) which was applied on "Review", also contains the detailed information on mines [758].

In in the south of region EGZHU became more active, when the post of the assistant to the chief on Minusinsk and Achinsk districts was occupied with A.I.Ivanov (1879). During strike of workers on I.Ljasoty's mines he has sent the official report to the governor, reaction on which was check of the official under special commissions. Check materials have not remained, but from later source it is visible, that the businessman has paid off from the inspector: the strike fact has been officially confuted, and in a year the official has held a post mountain ispravnika. [759] Conflict has reached the culminations in 1884 In 1883 to the governor I.Ljasoty's complaint where he convicted A.I.Ivanov that «workers has arrived
Became violent and lazy ». As the businessman,« [specified And. I] Ivanov, visiting crafts, has imagined itself the chief Over zolotopromyshlennikami ; in what sense recommending itself personally and through Gendarmes, forced Workers to give evidence any claims for trade managements, promising Protection and protection ». [760] It was reaction to the gendarme official report of 1882 based on the statement of fluent worker Kireeva. Under the decision of council of the Main thing upr. Vost. Siberia from 22 nojab. 1884, the complaint of the worker has been satisfied [761].

In 1884 in the Tomsk edition «Siberian newspaper» there was anonymous article where among other abusings of officials it was specified, that gendarmes take from businessmen of a bribe in calculation on 1 river from the worker (not less than 4062 rivers for a season). [762] Officer from Yeniseisk in this occasion has written the official report in EGZHU. M.P.Kuzmin, in turn, explained to head SZHO, that the right of inspection of mines belongs only to it and as for 2 years of service in region did not visit an extraction place, hence, newspaper article was obvious slander. Staff OKZH has considered, that «corresponds to interests of service to leave this business without any consequences» [763]. Probably, article was display of passive resistance zolotopromyshlennikov on activization of political police in finding-out of the questions connected with working conditions of workers. «The mountain charter» has excluded GZHU from the departments supervising a private gold craft 1893.

Delivery of inquiries on «political reliability» was other function GZHU. The given form — one of the basic mass office work documents who was in gendarme office-work. Procedures on an establishment of reliability have not undergone special changes about 1880th: the administrative document operated since 1886 in amendments 1890, 1891, 1907 and 1912 to February
Revolutions [764]. The inquiry stood out on demand both to physical persons, and departments. It was required in cases: employments of the person in local authorities, receipt or restoration in high school, opening of legal or medical practice, registration of societies, associations, receipt on service in guards, for employment or access in residences of an imperial family. Item 20 «Rules...» Gave to governors and town governors 1881 to dismiss officials who directly did not submit to them after a recognition of these persons "unreliable". The exception was constituted by the world judges serving zemskih of establishments (in Siberia were absent till 1917) and elective persons of municipality [765].

Till 1891 inquiries about inquiry delivery went to territorial police and GZHU. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs has ordered for elimination of contradictions between departments all inquiries to spend through provincial upr., which addressed as to territorial, and gendarme police. If in a city there was a security branch chief GZHU addressed in the given body. It has been established, that the positive inquiry stood out, if the required person did not consist under «private supervision» and supervision; it was not involved in inquiries of "political property». Inquiry prompting was possible if residing term in the given territory constituted not less than 1 year [766].

Inquiries were made out as the proceeding relation (the answer to inquiry), the separate account was not led. Therefore to spend exact calculation of the given out inquiries it is impossible. Concrete terms of performance were not established, except not clear formulation "immediately". Any estates have not been released From check procedure. So, in 1892 in EGZHU have been given out a nobleman, the student, the petty bourgeois, the peasant, a merchant and the son of the official [767]. Mass character of the similar documentation led to a formalism [768].

784

785

786

787

788

The recruits who were filling up guards, subjected to "reliability" check, volnoopredeljajushchiesja - with 1895 [769]. In 1909 it was necessary to call youth which participated in the First Russian revolution. Special department DP ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs to governors (ts. № 134250 from 7 avg. 1909) to approach to procedure of an establishment of "reliability" of recruits which filled up guards and 1 Railway battalion [770] more carefully. The additional order (ts. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs № 138138) has specified the list of parts capital IN. The substantial part varied: if earlier check occurred after formation of lists enlisted in guards, after 1909 - under the preliminary list of candidates which should exceed the total list on 20-30 % [771]. Since 1909 it was recommended (ts. DP the Ministry of Internal Affairs № 140278 from 8 deck. 1909) In case of an establishment of unreliability of spare reserve officer GZHU or police to withdraw the given person from a stock and not to accept on gathering. The collected information should be transferred to district military chiefs and a mobilisation department of the Joint Staff. [772] order of the Military ministry 13 fevr. 1914 (№ 534) has extended procedure to all IN [773].

Concerning execution EGZHU of the functions it is possible to make a following conclusion. In the course of manufacture of legal reprisals on "political" affairs for the investigated period underwent considerable transformations towards expansion of practice of use of the exclusive legislation after its direct distribution (1904­1917). Activity the governor general reduced quantity

Subjected to repression.

Development of methods of political search has occurred in 1907-1908 Their is standard-legal base was entered simultaneously and was uniform with many provincial establishments. EGZHU completely adopted experience more
Large divisions, not entering new elements in practice. Considerable influence rendered ROO in Irkutsk. Political search has been concentrated, mainly, to the Left-wing radical organisations. The service of external supervision was available only in Krasnoyarsk because of small number of other settlements. Filyory have been mostly typed from retired corporals, the share of civilians in them was smallest. Constant and system secret-service work EGZHU has begun after organisation KRP. Presence in Yenisei lips. A political exile influenced a share of persons under surveillance among confidential employees. Expansion and perfection of practice of perlustration has led to mass recruitment of chiefs of post and pochtovo-cable branches in 1909-1917 Agents of railway gendarmerie in Krasnoyarsk were under actual control EGZHU.

Number of informers did not exceed 2 % from obshcheimperskogo quantity of agents. Their role in legal prosecution was considerable, but not universal. Notification for struggle against criminal offences, to suppression of infringement of passport control, runaways from places of military service and punishment departure practised. In Yenisei lips. Blackmail and provocation from agents is fixed, level of the given phenomenon was not critical. Infringement by ranks EGZHU of the law was observed: provocation, forging of documents, any closing of criminal cases, concealment of criminals. Performance of nonbasic functions EGZHU was irreguljarno, and all list of the made duties was carried out. Practice of delivery of inquiries on «political reliability» on demand was formal. Assistance of police and konvoirovanie prisoners was carried out only in special cases. To 1890 Function specific only for the Siberian gendarmerie, — supervision of private gold mining mines has disappeared. Thus, EGZHU possessed enough large powers and duties, that not always answered actual possibilities in personnel and financial aspects. Therefore many important enough functions were carried out unsatisfactorily.

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A source: Baksht Dmitry Alekseevich. the Yenisei provincial gendarme management: organizatsionnoyopravovoj and regional aspects of functioning in system Department of police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1880-1917). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of historical sciences. Krasnoyarsk - 2015. 2015

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