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§ 1. Concept of the conventional principles and norms of international law and its value for civil law

Standard fastening of a category «the conventional norms of international law» in the Russian and foreign legislation. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (ch. 4 items 15), accepted on a national referendum in 1993г., the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are a part of the Russian legal system.

Subsequently this position has been fixed and regarding the Russian Federation first the Civil code.

According to item 7 GK the Russian Federation which is entitled «the Civil legislation and norms of international law», the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component of its legal system according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation; international treaties of the Russian Federation are applied to civil matters directly, except cases when from the international treaty follows, that for its application the edition of the interstate certificate is required; and if the international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes other rules, than what are provided by the civil legislation, are applied international treaty rules.

It is necessary to notice, that in branches of the Russian right, including in the right civil, the condition of study of a role of the conventional norms of international law at regulation of corresponding relations leaves much to be desired. Moreover, there is also a known juridiko-technical problem of inclusion of a category «the conventional norms of international law» in the text branch kodifitsirovannyh certificates.

Juridiko-techniques of a mention of the conventional norms of international law in the internal Russian legislation can be divided into groups conditionally.

1. In a number of domestic codes it is proclaimed, that the branch legislation is based on the conventional principles and norms of international law. So, in item 1 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation it is established, that «the present code is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation both the conventional principles and norms of international law» [1]. The code about administrative violations of the Russian Federation also is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation both the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation (item 1.1. KoAP the Russian Federation) [2]. In the Criminally-executive code of the Russian Federation it is established, that not only criminally-executive legislations of the Russian Federation, but also practice of its application violence, reference another severe or degrading human advantage with condemned (item 3 Wick the Russian Federation) [3] are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation, including on strict observance of guarantees of protection against tortures.

2. In other codes the conventional norms of international law are not mentioned at all, and there is a speech exclusively about international treaties. Civil remedial [4] and arbitration remedial [5] codes contain only conflict rules about international treaties of the Russian Federation (item 3 of item 3 of agrarian and industrial complex of the Russian Federation, item 2 of item 1 GPK the Russian Federation).

So, in the family code of the Russian Federation it is located by item 6 which also has the name similar to the name of item 7 GK the Russian Federation - «the Family legislation and norms of international law», but thus in it the priority of application of international treaties is fixed only: «If the international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes other rules, than what are provided by the family legislation, are applied international treaty rules» [6]. Similar reception of legal technics is used by the legislator and in item 9 of the Housing code of the Russian Federation «the Housing legislation and norms of international law":" If the international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes other rules, than what are provided by the housing legislation, are applied international treaty rules »[7]. Article 3 of the Air code of the Russian Federation is called« International treaties of the Russian Federation »and contains the corresponding conflict rule resolving the contradiction between the code and the international treaty of the Russian Federation, i.e. Even the name article does not cover the conventional norms of international law [8]. Corresponding article of the Tax code of the Russian Federation [9] is entitled« Action of international treaties concerning the taxation »(item 7 NK the Russian Federation) (it is allocated by me - JU.N.). Earlier in the Customs code of the Russian Federation [10] there was article« Action of international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of customs business »(item 8 TamK the Russian Federation) (it is allocated by me - JU.N.) . However in the Customs code of the Customs union similar article is absent, as well as a mention of the conventional norms of international law [11]. In the Land code of the Russian Federation corresponding article is named «Application of international treaties of the Russian Federation» (it is allocated by me - JU.N.) at which there is a mention ratifitsirovanija the international treaty: «If the international treaty of the Russian Federation ratified when due hereunder (it is allocated by me - JU.N.), other rules are established, than what are provided by the present Code, are applied international treaty rules» (item 4 ZK the Russian Federation) [12]. Thus the Code of an internal sailing charter of the Russian Federation, containing set otsylochnyh to international treaties of norms at all does not specify in the conventional principles and norms of international law, on rules of the permission of collisions between international treaties of the Russian Federation and the code [13].

3. There are codes with as much as possible approached maintenance of rules about action of the international rules of law to the maintenance of the constitutional norm and rules GK the Russian Federation about the conventional norms between - the national right (item 10 of Labour code РФ14, article 4 of Budgetary code РФ15).

4. In special group it is necessary to allocate the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation establishing, that the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component of the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the criminal trial (item 3 of item 1 UPK the Russian Federation). In UPK the Russian Federation is formulated also the conflict rule resolving the contradiction between international treaties of the Russian Federation and the code (it is allocated by me - JU.N.) 16. It is interesting to notice, that in GK some foreign countries the rule about inclusion of the international norms in internal legislation system contains. For example, in GK Ukraine it is established, that norms of the international treaty which maintenance is directed on regulation of civil matters, the consent to which compulsion is given by the Supreme Rada of Ukraine, represents an element of the national civil legislation of Ukraine. GK Belarus contains similar norm: grazhdanskopravovye norms which are reflected in the international treaties of the Byelorussia which have entered validity, represent a part operating on territory of Byelorussia of the civil legislation.

The similar variety does not promote in use of juridiko-techniques of branch registration of the conventional norms of international law to their effective application and brings the important attention to the question on that, duplication (and furthermore - the claim - [14] [15] [16] zhenie) the constitutional norms in the branch legislation taking into account that circumstance, that the Constitution of the Russian Federation and so is the certificate of direct, direct action is how much necessary.

As a whole it is necessary to notice, that the mention of the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties is available in constitutions of the majority of the CIS countries and other foreign states. In the majority of Civil codes of the CIS countries there are the norms regulating application to civil relations of norms of international law.

In the Modelling Civil code of the CIS item 7 «the Civil legislation and international treaties», proclaiming is fixed, that in case of the contradiction between norms of the international treaty and norms of the civil legislation, come under to application of norm international договора1 '.

After this corresponding articles have been placed by the recommendatory act of the CIS countries in Civil codes of Armenia (item 6 «G razhdanskoe the legislation, other legal acts and international treaties»), Ukraine («item 10"International treaties"), Kirghizia (item 6« the Civil legislation and international treaties »), Turkmenistan (item 7« the Civil legislation and international treaties »), Uzbekistan (item 7« the Civil legislation and international treaties and agreements »). The specified codes do not resolve questions of action of the conventional norms of international law, and mention only international treaties.

Besides GK the Russian Federation, only in the Civil code of Byelorussia is available article with the name «the Civil legislation and norms me - [17] zhdunarodnogo the rights». Feature of these of two kodifitsirovannyh certificates is that, as in the Russian and Belarus Civil codes there is a speech about action and application not only international treaties, but also the conventional principles and norms of international law.

The conflict rule resolving the contradiction between the international treaty and norm of civil law, is fixed in Civil codes of all CIS countries.

In a number of codes of foreign countries there is a rule about direct application of international treaties to civil relations, except cases when from the international treaty follows, that for its application the edition of the interstate certificate (GK is required to Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan).

The basic doktrinalnye approaches to definition "obshchepriznannosti" norms of international law. Despite almost twenty years' term of a finding of a considered category in domestic kodifitsirovannom the civil law certificate, jurists try to avoid research of the given legal category first of all it is an element of an international legal matter and is exposed to research within the limits of the corresponding scientific doctrine. Though the finding of the given legal category in GK the Russian Federation should initiate and tsivi - listichesky interest to it regarding its application to regulation of civil relations. Thus first of all it is necessary to be defined with concept and the legal nature of the conventional norms of international law, having answered a question, that such "obshchepriznannost" in international legal understanding. The civil doctrine scoops the information on the conventional norms of international law from international legal scientific sources.

In spite of the fact that the conventional norms and international law principles are a part of legal systems of many states, till now concept definition "conventional" causes disputes, both in domestic, and in the foreign literature. In the international law theory the uniform approach to the decision of a question on was not generated it is necessary to consider what norms of international law "conventional".

The analysis of international legal scientific sources allows to allocate following signs "obshchepriznannosti".

1. A recognition all or the majority of the states. The question on, whether is required a recognition of norms all or the majority of the states, remains opened. Hardly probable it is possible to demand a recognition of norms all states, at least for the reason, that sporen a question on total of the states in the world, still there are the states which are recognised as one states and not recognised as others, i.e. not all world community. In this connection in the international legal literature the opinion that obshchepriznannosti is enough a recognition of norms for criterion the majority of the states prevails. But as a whole, the important certificate of a general recognition norm fastening in universal international treaties which are ratified by many states is, and all others admit in usually-legal porjad - ke [18].

The authoritative expert in the field of B.L.Zimnenko's international law notices, that the norm which is accepted or admits all states all or nearly so is conventional, «the representative majority» [19] thus suffices. Its opinion divide N.A.Tsivadze («as to the conventional principles and norms of international law their judicial application demands acknowledgement of the fact of their recognition by the representative majority of the states» [20]) and G.Z.Jarmuhametova («the conventional principles and norms of international law are universal obligatory rules of behaviour which have most the general form of expression and admit the majority of the states, the deviation from these rules of behaviour is categorically inadmissible» [21]).

A number of researchers enter a category of the "qualified" majority which should include the states from each legal system of the world (V.N.Mjasnjankin: among «the representative majority» the states which have recognised norm of international law, there should be states of various legal systems [22]). According to A.M.Barnashova, at the present stage of development of international law there was an inspiring quantity of principles and norms which admit all states all or nearly so representing the basic legal systems of the world, and owing to the given circumstance they are considered as the general, universal principles and norms of international law [23].

Such approach to "obshchepriznannosti" norms of international law is fixed and in Russian pravoprimenitelnoj to practice. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has specified, that the conventional principles of international law represent fundamental mandatory provisions of international law which admit and accepted by the international community of the states as a whole, a deviation from the given norms nedopusti -

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2. Obshcheobjazatelnost for all states. The recognition of norm attracts with overwhelming majority of the states it obshcheobjazatelnost for all international subjects: the conventional principles and norms of international law are such rules of behaviour which are established and admit the international community of the states, i.e. obligatory for all its members [24 [25].

3. Basic value for all international law. A recognition of the conventional norms of international law the majority of the states and their compulsion for them define their predominating, basic, supervising value for other norms of international law. In this connection A.N.Babaj and V.S.Timoshenko have fairly noticed, that the given norms are «the base of all system of modern international law» [26].

4. Formal fastening in a universal source of international law. In the literature devoted to conventional principles and norms of international law, traditionally it is underlined, that as they are universal, general for all states behaviour rules, that, as consequence, should contain in universal certificates [27]. Following documents concern such certificates, in particular: the United Nations Charter, the General Declaration of human rights, the Declaration on main principles of international law, the International pact about the civil and political rights, the Convention against tortures and kinds of the reference another severe brutal or degrading advantage and punishment, the European convention on protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Convention of the CIS on the rights and fundamental freedoms of the person, etc.

The conventional norms of international law are fixed in universal multilateral international treaties and other international legal documents, and also in widely used and known international customs. A.N.Talalaev writes, that the powerful proof of that any international legal norm concerns to conventional, its fastening in the text of the operating universal multilateral treaty in which the overwhelming majority of the states participates is. « In this case, - he considers, - the presumption of a general recognition the states of norm of international law as obligatory »[28] is available. K.N.Ratsiborinsky also notices, that as the conventional principles and norms of international law contractual and usual norms of the general international law which include both mandatory provisions, and other rules of behaviour recognised as the international community act and are expressed in the form of the general and special international conventions and the international custom as proofs of general practice [29].

Thus, for the theory and civil law practice under the conventional norms of international law it is possible to understand fixed in universal sources of international law the rules recognised as overwhelming majority of the states both having obligatory and basic value for all system of international law.

Complexity «the conventional norms of international law» in sphere of action of the right civil is connected with category application as well by that in international law along with concept «the conventional principles and norms», exist concepts «main principles and norms of international law» and «the general principles of the right», thus there are some approaches to definition and a parity of these legal phenomena.

The "general" "basic" both "conventional" principles and norms of international law: a parity of concepts. In article 38 of the Statute of International court of the United Nations containing the list of sources of international law, in particular, «the general principles of the right recognised as the civilised nations» are fixed.

The question on volume and the maintenance of considered concept of legal science continues to remain debatable.

One researchers consider, that the general principles of the right represent general rules of the permission of conflicts of laws: «the rule of law has a priority if possesses higher validity";"the right special provision possesses a priority before the general provision";"the norm accepted later, possesses a priority before the norm accepted earlier";"the law of the retroactive effect has no»: it is necessary to understand following rules as the general principles of the right: the norm has a priority if possesses higher validity; the special provision is priority before the general provision; the norm accepted later, - before the norm accepted before (item 1.7. Recommendations) [30]. It is interesting to notice, that in internal judiciary practice of the Russian Federation there is a similar understanding of the general principles of the right: « At definition of hierarchy of laws the conventional principle of advantage of special provisions (in this case - the Federal act «About an inconsistency (bankruptcy)» before law general provisions (in this case - the Arbitration code of practice of the Russian Federation) »is applied.

There is also other approach to the legal nature of the general principles of the right. The representative still the Soviet science of international law known scientist P.I.Lukin wrote: the general principles of the right are such principles which are fixed in acts of all states which are members of the United Nations, or in acts of the majority of the most considerable states in each of the basic legal systems of the world [31 [32]. Modern known international lawyer O.I.Tiunov also considers, that obshchepravovye principles are «a skeleton of legal system of those or other states» [33]. Its opinion divides B.L.Zimnenko, noticing, that the general principles of the right are principles, the general for national legal systems of the states [34]. The Same approach to the general principles of the right exists in the European right. In item paragraph 2 215 Charters of the European court under human rights are specified, that the court solves questions of a responsibility of the parties, including on «the general principles operating in legal systems of member states».

From the maintenance of the Statute of the International Criminal court also it is possible to draw a conclusion, that the general principles of the right root in national legal systems. Statute article 21 establishes, that the court applies the present Statute. In corresponding cases it is applied international treaties, principles and norms of international law, including the conventional principles of international law of confrontations. If it is impossible, the court applies the general principles of the right which have the source the national legislation of world legal systems provided that the specified principles are compatible to the present Statute, with international

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The right both the international-recognised norms and principles.

Other scientists identify concepts «the general principles of the right"and"main principles of international law», understanding under them international law mandatory provisions. So, V.M.Koretsky considers, that the general principles of the right cover main principles of international law: «the general principles of the right», despite of that fact, that consider them as applied in international law, find out not in international treaties or in the international customs and practice, and in other spheres of relations, in the internal national law of the states. « That names too wide principles deprived to concrete definiteness - as, for example, principles of conscientiousness, justice, justice, prohibition of misuse of right, etc. (and their majority) erect in the general principles occurring in judiciary practice of each state concrete remedial rules, «that nobody can be sudeju in own business», «that should be listened and other party» (andiatur et altera pars), that the court should know norms coming under to application (iura novit curia), up to attorney's fees order, banal trues like such as «any norm should have the reasonable maintenance» come across. The habitual formulas which have remained with rim - [35] skih times, a saying, and even the small detailed rules which are given out for «the general principles of the right» [36] dazzle in the literature and partly in practice.

So-called neshataeva sees as the general principles of the right the main principles fixed in the Charter of the United Nations [37].

In modern researches also there is a tendency of an identification of the general and conventional principles of the right, thus the last are considered as a version of the general principles of the right and represent the initial imperative beginnings which define the general orientation of legal regulation of public relations in the Russian Federation [38].

In our opinion, the general principles inherent in the right of the majority of the states, allowing to regulate relations with the foreign person or the state and received fastening in the international treaty or custom, get the status as the general (for the majority of the states) and main principles of international law. In this sense the general and main principles of international law are identical.

As main principles of international law are fixed in universal international legal sources, are recognised by overwhelming majority of the states, have obligatory and basic values for all system of international law they answer also to signs of the conventional principles of international law.

In this connection in the international legal literature of a category «the conventional principles of international law"and"main principles

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International law »are quite often used as identical [39]. It is considered, that it is norms jus cogens - mandatory provisions of the general international law which are applied and admit the international community as a whole as norms, the deviation from which is inadmissible [40]. G.I.Tunkin notices, that main principles of modern international law are the conventional norms which play the most significant role in maintenance of normal functioning of interstate system and, hence, in the decision of the international problems [41].

The basic (general) principles of international law are the conventional principles of international law and owing to item 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation constitute a part of the Russian legal system.

However, the concept of the conventional principles of international law is wider, than concept of main principles of international law. If main principles of international law are the base of interaction of the states in the most important spheres of public relations (the world, safety, space, etc.) the conventional principles of international law as legal regulators cover more a wide range of public relations. Main principles of international law regulate interstate interimperious relations, have sistemoobrazujushchee value for the international public law. Other conventional principles and norms of international law can be considered as branch (or institutsionalnye) principles and norms of international law [42].

For regulation of interstate civil relations the question on is important, whether can apply national courts the general principles of the right which are not principles of international law? If the general principle inherent in the right of the majority of the states, is inherent also in the Russian civil law it is applied as an interstate principle with direct sending to corresponding internal source of law (more often through item 6 GK the Russian Federation supposing analogy of the right), without use of item 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as the constitutional norm solves a question only about application of the general (in value conventional) international law principles, instead of the right in general. Thus if the legal principle exists in many national legal systems or even in the majority of them and thus is the general principle of the right, however is not the conventional principle of international law (item 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and is absent in interstate civil law (the item 6 GK the Russian Federation), the Russian courts apply it cannot.

It is necessary to pay attention that the legal system (or the right) of some the countries includes only «the conventional norms of international law» (for example, Austria, Greece, Spain, Italy, Macedonia). However in the constitutional norms of the Russian right along with the conventional principles of international law the conventional norms of international law that brings a natural attention to the question on their parity are mentioned also.

Conventional "principles" and "norms" of international law: a parity of concepts. It is necessary to notice, that in an international law science, in a domestic science of theory of law and in branch legal sciences there is no unequivocal decision of a question about otgranichenii concepts "principles" from a category "norm" of the right.

Thus in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in a number of articles there is a reference only on the conventional norms of international law. For example, item 63 item 1

Constitutions of the Russian Federation it is provided, that the Russian Federation gives a political asylum to foreign subjects and stateless persons according to the conventional norms of international law. According to item 67 item 2 the Russian Federation possesses sovereign rights and exercises jurisdiction on a continental shelf and in the exclusive economic area of the Russian Federation in an order defined by the federal act and norms of international law (it is allocated by me - JU.N.). It is interesting to notice, that in constitutions of some the states the conventional principles of international law are mentioned only. So, the priority of the conventional principles of international law admits item 8 of the Constitution of Byelorussia and conformity with it of the legislation is provided.

In the legal literature the opinion has been expressed, that principles and norms of international law differ on a source of their fastening. So, E.JU.Kopylov considers, that the conventional principles of international law contain in the United Nations Charter, and the conventional norms of international law can have both contractual, and usually-legal форму43. I.K.Dmitriev has paid attention that the principle can not receive accurate information in concrete norm, and be shown in «the bodies of rules which studying in a complex allows to judge their conformity to a certain principle» 44.

However the classical doctrine of international law recognises that international law principles the norms differing from other norms of international law only by are that they have, as a rule, more the general character and is mentioned by the main questions between - [43 [44]

dunarodnyh relations, and accurate differentiation between principles and norms does not exist [45].

So-called neshataeva fairly notices, that the conventional principles are same norms, only they possess the higher validity, the deviation from them in practice of the separate states is inadmissible, these are imperative international norms of character jus coqens [46]. She approves, that unlike the conventional principles of international law, its conventional norms are international legal norms of a usual origin [47].

Certainly, right principles, including international, in comparison with other norms possess certain features, but as a whole, under V.A.Tolstika's fair remark, «the norm-principle is one of versions of rules of law and no more that» [48]. B.L.Zimnenko also considers, that «at a formulation of concepts« the conventional principle of international law "and" the conventional norm of international law »it is necessary to consider only one circumstance: the concept« the conventional norm »possesses patrimonial character, and« the conventional principle - specific »[49]. He understands As the conventional principles« the basic conventional norms of international law, the deviation from which is inadmissible »[50]. O.A.Kuznetsova also recognises, that« categories of the conventional principles and norms of international law correspond as a kind and a sort ». Principles represent the same norms, but with wider maintenance defining any basic idea of the right. Thus norms-principles are characterised by specific structure and special rules of application [51].

It is necessary to notice, that such approach is characteristic and for domestic theory of law: principles of the right from the point of view of legal nature and essence are the rules of law however having most the general and basic maintenance [52].

The United Nations international court also has enacted, that words «principles and norms» express the same idea, that the term "principles" means rules of law and that «the term use« principles »is defensible, as it is a question of more general and fundamental norms» [53].

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in Decision item 1 «About application by vessels of the general jurisdiction of the conventional principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation» from October, 10th, 2003 № 5 has enacted, that the conventional principles of international law are necessary for considering as the fundamental imperative international legal norms accepted and recognised as the international community of the states as a whole, the deviation from which is not supposed. The Supreme Court names only two principles: a principle of general respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms and a principle of diligent execution of obligations.

Thus the conventional norm of international law in the same decision is understood as a norm of behaviour accepted and recognised as the international community of the states as a whole as legally obligatory. As we see, Russian pravoprimenitel deciphers the term "principles" through the "norm" term, thus contrasts them each other, that, certainly, creates some obstacles in knowledge of these legal categories.

It is important to notice, that the unequivocal permission of a problem of a parity of principles and norms within the limits of one type pravoponimanija is impossible. Supporters of the maintenance of principles of the right distinct from norms are representatives of an is natural-legal direction.

However from positions of legal positivism (normativizma) the right principle always remains though also the person, but only the rule of law.

Taking into account that on this question we adhere to the second approach, we believe, that the conventional principles of international law are a version of norms of international law.

In teoretiko-legal and civil-law sciences the attention that norms-principles have the certain structural features inherent and norms-principles of international law is fairly paid.

So, norms-principles do not possess classical trehchlennoj structure (a hypothesis, a disposition, the sanction), consist of specific elements - legal imperatives which open their maintenance. Revealing of legal imperatives, elements of legal designs of the conventional norms-principles of the international law, capable to regulate civil relations, - a problem tsivilisti - cheskoj doctrines.

Categories conventional "principles" and "norms" of international law act under the relation to each other accordingly as specific and patrimonial concepts. The conventional principles of international law are norms of international law with the most general, abstract maintenance.

We brief the above-stated. The conventional principles and norms of international law are fixed in universal international legal sources, are recognised by overwhelming majority go -

sudarstv, have for them obligatory value, define a basis of all system of international law. The conventional principles of international law are the conventional norms of international law having the general maintenance and fixing the basic (main) positions of international law.

The main principles of the international law answering to specified characteristics, also are the conventional principles of international law and can be applied in this quality as a legal regulator of civil relations.

The general principle of the right inherent in the majority of legal systems, being the conventional principle of international law, but absent in national civil law, cannot be a legal regulator of interstate civil relations.

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A source: Nefedova Julia Jurevna. the CONVENTIONAL PRINCIPLES And NORMS of INTERNATIONAL LAW AS LEGAL REGULATORS of CIVIL RELATIONS. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Perm - 2014. 2014

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More on topic § 1. Concept of the conventional principles and norms of international law and its value for civil law:

  1. § 1. The conventional principles and norms of international law and civil-law norms as raznosistemnye the legal Regulators
  2. § 2. Concept and kinds of legal regulators of civil relations and a place of them of the conventional principles and norms of international law
  3. § 1. The conventional principles and norms of international law and the norms of the Russian right regulating civil relations: Application priorities
  4. § 2. Sources of civil-law norms and sources of the conventional principles and norms of international law: Parity of concepts
  5. § 3. The bases of use of the conventional principles and norms of international law at regulation of interstate civil relations
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  12. Nefedov Julia Jurevna. the CONVENTIONAL PRINCIPLES And NORMS of INTERNATIONAL LAW AS LEGAL REGULATORS of CIVIL RELATIONS. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Perm - 2014, 2014
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