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3.3. Features of corporation as legal institution in comparison with corporation as social institute

In the previous paragraph of the present work we had been considered the basic organisation-legal forms of corporations in Russia. However specificity of the Russian validity consists that at the present stage of development of market relations and a civil society as a whole, any of the presented organisation-legal forms in which frameworks theoretically mogl to exist and develop corporation, in practice, could not provide to it those qualities which would allow the large organisation to survive in the conditions of a rigid competition. At such state of affairs, the special urgency is got by a question on a choice of the form optimal organizational-prtvovoj for creation and successful development of corporation at the present stage. Such form, in our opinion, is the joint-stock company.

Basis of legal regulation of activity of joint-stock company is the Civil code of the Russian Federation and the Federal act «On joint-stock companies» from 26.12.1995 N 208-FZ. According to this law obikstvom the commercial organisation admits joint-stock, ustavnyj which capital is divided into certain number of the actions certificating liability laws of participants of a society (shareholders) in relation to a society.

The legislator gives special attention to the society name. It should contain instructions on the organisation-legal form and type (opened or closed) and if the society company name is registered according to the current legislation the society has the exclusive right to its use. The joint-stock company site is defined by a place of its state registration, and at change pochtoeogo the addresses which instructions are obligatory, the society should notify on it bodies of the state registration.

Those shareholders answer for obligations a society and bear risk - of losses within cost of actions belonging to them, except for cases, when bankruptcy of a society is caused by actions (inactivity) of persons (including shareholders), having the right to give obligatory instructions for a society.

Besides, according to the international business rules. The law «On joint-stock companies» establishes two types of joint-stock companies (opened and closed), that should be reflected in the Charter and the company name joint-stock obshchestpa. If as the founder of joint-stock company the Russian Federation, either the subject of the Russian Federation or municipal union (except the joint-stock companies created and process of privatisation) such joint-stock company can be only open [32] acts.

Now in the law criteria on which both types of joint-stock companies that was not before Federal act acceptance «On joint-stock companies» when the norms containing in the subordinate legislation of the executive authority and the Law of RSFSR from December, 25th, 1990 "About the enterprises and enterprise activity" contradicted each other differ accurately enough are defined.

Number of shareholders of open joint-stock companies not ограничено1. Open joint-stock companies not only have the right to spend the open stock subscription and their free sale, but also have the right to spend the closed subscription if from the right it is provided by the charter of a society and the decision of general meeting of shareholders on placing of additional actions. In our research it is important to notice, that such possibility, unforeseen in the legislation operating earlier, matters first of all for attraction of large investments, including foreign.

In certain cases it is more expedient to joint-stock company to agree with the concrete investor and counting on it to make issue of actions (including additional), not placing thus actions on open sale.

By the federal act it is provided, that legal acts of the Russian Federation cases of obligatory placing by open joint-stock companies of actions and the securities converted in the action on an open subscription can be established.

Also in the law it is established, that the number of shareholders of the closed joint-stock companies cannot be more than 50, except for closed

Sml Krapivin of the Island of M „Vlasov V. I. The comment to the Law of the Russian Federation ' On joint-stock companies '. - Ml Fund" Legal culture ’, 1998. - 36S with.

Joint-stock obshsstv, created till January, 1st, 1996, that is before introduction in Federal act action "On joint-stock companies".

Now, in our opinion, it is necessary to analyse pronese organisation-legal regulation of activity of joint-stock company. In the closed joint-stock companies following rules operate:

1. Shareholders have the right of priority of acquisition of the action, sold by other shareholder, in an order established by the charter of a society;

2. Actions extend only among founders or other established circle of persons;

3. The open stock subscription of nanosecond is supposed.

If the number gktsionerov the closed joint-stock company exceeds 50 persons, a society in that case should be transformed to open joint-stock company.

The joint-stock company can create branches and representations in territory of the Russian Federation and for the EC limits (item 5). Branches and those representations are legal bodies, operate on the basis of the position approved by a society which have created them, are allocated with property (considered both on their separate balances, and on balance of a society), carry out activity on behalf of the joint-stock company which has created them, and the last bears responsibility for activity of the branches and representations. Data on branches and representations should contain in the society charter.

Concerning constituent instruments of a society by the federal act it is established, that the unique constituent instrument of joint-stock company is its charter. Certificates operating earlier, first of all the Governmental order of the Russian Federation from December, 25th, 1990 №601, defined the demand for registration, the report of the constituent assembly and the charter as constituent instruments of joint-stock company. By legal acts about privatisation, namely the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from November, 16th, 1992 №1392, it has been established, that to constituent instruments of the society created in the course of privatisation, along with the charter otkositsja and the plan of privatisation of joint-stock company.

Now the Federal act "On joint-stock companies" has established obligatory data (requisites) which the charter of joint-stock company (item 11) should contain, namely:

1. The full and reduced (firm) name of a society;

2. A site obshchest va;

3. Type, quantity, face value, categories of actions and types of preference shares;

4. Customs of owners of actions of each category (type);

5. The size of the charter capital, term of payment of dividends;

6. Structure and the competence of controls of joint-stock company and the method of adoption them of decisions;

7. An order of preparation and carrying out of general meeting of shareholders, the list of questions for which decision the special majority of voices or unanimity is necessary;

8. Data on branches and representations.

By the charter the number of actions or the voices given to one shareholder can be limited.

Follows otmegit, that along with the obligatory data brought in the charter, last can contain and other positions if they nanoseconds contradict the Federal act "On joint-stock companies" and to other federal acts, and all changes and additions in the joint-stock company charter (the charter statement in a new wording) are brought under the decision of general meeting of shareholders, except for statutory cases of increase in the charter capital [33].

Within the limits of modern Russian legal practice by one of key questions and stages at creation of joint-stock companies the state registration is nh. Under the general rule, statutory (item 13), joint-stock company comes under to the state registration in the body which is carrying out registration of legal bodies, according to the law on the state registration of legal bodies, the joint-stock company is considered created since the moment gosudarstesnnoj registration (item 8).

In Federal act item 25 "On joint-stock companies", defining concept "ustavnyj the joint-stock company capital", the concept of the charter capital presented in the corporate right of many European states has received development. According to this general concept ustavnyj the joint-stock company capital is constituted of a face-value of the actions got by shareholders, and defines - the minimum size of property of the joint-stock company, guaranteeing observance of interests of its creditors.

At a floating of a joint-stock company all actions take places among its founders, the quantity and face value razmeshennyh actions of each category are defined ustazom the joint-stock company, all actions of a society are nominal. The minimum size of the charter capital constituting for open joint-stock companies not less of 1000 minimum wage rates for date of registration of a society, for the closed joint-stock companies - not less than 100 minimum wage rates for date of registration of a society is defined.

Law innovations are norms about the declared actions which the joint-stock company has the right to place in addition (item 27), and cumulative actions (actions, dividends on which or a certain part of dividends in case of their nonpayment collect, and it is paid subsequently).

According to the federal act the joint-stock company charter the quantity, face value of the declared actions, the rights on them, an order and conditions of their placing can be defined. The changes of the charter mentioning positions about objazlennyh actions, are accepted by general meeting of shareholders (item 48 item 5).

The federal act provides actions of two categories (ordinary and exclusive). Preference shares can be several types. For the Russian legal practice certainly it is important to consider and reflect variety of conditions and the phenomena of an economic life at transition to the market. Therefore now discriminate following kinds of the action [34]:

1. Nominal when the decision on sale of actions to this or that person is accepted by joint-stock company controls (board or general meeting gktsionerov): data about the owner of the action, who cannot freely sell or transfer it to other person but only only to return pravlennju joint-stock company, are brought in the special book of registration;

2. To bearer, when owners of actions are not registered and can freely sell or transfer them without consent of joint-stock company everyone on that;

3. Ordinary (or simple) which owners possess all customs of the shareholder in full volume (including a vote on general meeting of shareholders and the right of management of joint-stock company) and receive the dividend depending on profitableness of joint-stock company;

4. Exclusive, which holders receive strictly fixed (in advance reserved, usually specified on the action) the dividend without dependence from profitableness joint-stock obshchestpa. Holders of such actions obychju are limited in the rights (have no vote on general meetings of shareholders, nanoseconds are a part of directing bodies obshchestpa etc.);

5. Cumulative exclusive on which payment of dividends can be postponed (this year profits is not present, but next year the dividend at once for two years) will be paid;

6. Exclusive, redeemable or to an exchange. The joint-stock company which is letting out such actions, takes up corresponding obligations and t. d?

Already this fact testifies to very big legal work among the population which should and be led henceforth in Russia. Along with it, it is necessary to notice, that legal acts about privatisation of the enterprises in the Russian Federation, namely the Typical charter of joint-stock company approved by Decree Президенті. The Russian Federation from July, I, 1992 N “721, for the first time has in details defined concept"preference shares"on each type (And and, and also the rights on them, an order of payment of dividends etc.

1 See: Busygin A.B. Business. A basic course.: the textbook in 2 kn./Kn. I - 256 with.; Kn. 2 with. - ml Iiterprams. 1994.

The decree of the President of the Russian Federation from November, 16th, 1992 №1395 "About measures on realisation of an industrial policy at privatisation of the state enterprises" also for the first time has established concept "the Gold action" and its legal status and has conferred to owners of actions of this type special powers (the right "veto"), allowing, for example, to the state in the course of privatisation to keep the control over separate joint-stock companies in certain industries. The list of branches in the course of which privatisation of the enterprises release and the announcement "Gold action" is provided, is certain by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation from December, 24th, 1993 №2284 and from July, 22nd, 1994 №1535.

For all common stocks of a society are established identical face value and the rights. These actions are voting, the size of the dividend and liquidating cost on them are not defined in advance.

Preference shares as already it was marked above, can be several types. For each type face value, a set of the rights, the dividend (in the sum, p percent, by a different way) are defined. If the dividend and (or) liquidating cost are not defined, they are paid on the same conditions, as on common stocks.

In certain cases the vote is given owners of preference shares:

1. Concerning reorganisation and liquidation of a society a vote owners of actions have weight;

2. But to questions of restriction of the rights of owners of actions of certain type owners of actions of this type have a vote;

3. On all questions owners of actions (except for cumulative but which the size of the dividend is defined) in case of nonpayment or an underpay of the dividend till the moment of full payment have the right to vote;

4. On all questions owners cumulative actions if annual shareholder meeting which should make the decision on payment of the saved up dividends have the right to vote, has decided them to pay or pay completely (after that meetings and before full payment).

It is necessary to underline, that definition in the law of cases at which the vote is given to owners of preference shares, essentially expands possibilities of protection with owners of actions of this category of the rights given by it by the law.

The joint-stock company charter the order of converting of preference shares of certain type in the action of other type or in common stocks can be defined also. In this case the charter provides a vote under such preference shares.

Now in connection with introduction in Federal act action "About a securities market" from April, 22nd, 1996 №39-Ф3 the relations arising at issue of securities, features of creation and activity of professional participants of a securities market including an order of conducting the shareholder register of joint-stock company, are regulated by the aforementioned federal act, and the federal enforcement authority on carrying out of a state policy in the field of a securities market is called cloth ears as the Federal commission on a securities market.

The special attention in the modern legal and economic theory and experts is involved with Federal act chapter 7 "On joint-stock companies" which characterises general meeting of shareholders as the supreme body of management of joint-stock company.

At the analysis of this chapter of the law there is a necessity to note the basic innovations in the field of a corporate governance. They as shows experience, have very essentially changed, have transformed, have enriched corporate relations, especially, when millions Russian citizens get to sphere of interests of joint-stock companies. It is caused by that in Russia from 2,6 million legal bodies more than half have the form of joint-stock company [35].

In federal act item 50 it is established, that the decision of general meeting of shareholders can be accepted by means of absentee ballot (polling by), that is without joint presence of shareholders on general meeting with use of bulletins for voting.

If the shareholder has received the bulletin beforehand, he has the right to send it io to mail or to vote personally, being present on shareholder meeting. In practice the mentioned form of carrying out of meeting has received the name of the mixed.

The law establishes, that date and an order of carrying out of meeting, an order of the notification of shareholders, the list of the information for preparation of participants of general meeting are defined by joint-stock company board of directors. On annual shareholder meetings which it is necessary to spend nanosecond early than in 2 months and not later than in 6 months after the termination of fiscal year, questions at elections of board of directors and a revision committee, the statement of the auditor and consideration of annual reports are solved.

All other shareholder meetings are called extraordinary and are spent under the decision of board of directors which, p the turn, is accepted or at the initiative of the council, or on request of a revision committee or the auditor, or, at last, on request of the shareholders owning not msnss than 10 % of voting actions. The initiator of meeting has the right to define the agenda which the board of directors cannot change. To those nanoseconds less, the board of directors can give up in meeting convocation if, for example, any questions brought for discussion of meeting, mismatch law requirements.

The competence of general meeting of shareholders is defined in such a manner that general meeting decisions on some questions are accepted or special majority of voices (three quarters), or simple majority of voices. The decision of some questions can be transferred in the competence of board of directors, and certain decisions are accepted only

Under the offer of board of directors.

As it is underlined in the legislation, special majority of voices, that is the majority in three quarters of owners of the voting actions participating in meeting, following questions are accepted:

1. Entering change and additions in the charter or the statement of the new charter (the question on the change of the charter connected with increase of the charter capital, can be transferred to the decision of board of directors);

2. Society reorganisation;

3. Joint-stock company liquidation, appointment of the liquidating commission and the statement of liquidating balances;

4. Definition of the limited number of the declared actions;

5. Fulfilment of large transactions.

6. Further, in our opinion, it is necessary to allocate the hardware questions, decisions on which are accepted only under the offer of board of directors:

7. reorganizuja societies;

8. Decision-making on non-use of the right of priority of shareholders;

9. Definition of the form of an information transfer to shareholders;

10. Crushing and consolidation of actions;

11.заключение transactions in which there is an interest;

?.sovershenie large transactions;

?.priobretenie n the repayment a society of the placed actions;

14.участие z the holding companies, financial and industrial groups, other associations commercial the organisations.

With development of the modern Russian right has undergone changes and an order of formation of the agenda of general meeting of shareholders. Now the owner of nanosecond less than 2 % of voting actions has the right to bring in board of directors one or two motivirovannyh offers (in earlier operating certificates of such right at the given category of shareholders was not), and the board of directors within 15 days should or include questions in the agenda. Or to give the proved refusal. Discrepancy of offered items on the agenda of general meeting of shareholders to federal act requirements can be telling argument for such refusal.

Otherwise, than before, the question on competency or as defines the law, quorum of general meeting of shareholders is solved.

The federal act "On joint-stock companies", as well as earlier operating certificates, the quorum is defined in half of voices of the placed voting actions of joint-stock company. But in case of absence of quorum repeated meeting it will be possible to consider taken place at presence at least 30 % of the placed voting actions. Earlier repeated general meeting was competent in any case.

Unique exception was introduction of quorum for joint-stock companies with number of shareholders more than 500 thousand people for which the quorum at carrying out of repeated general meeting can be reduced, however it should be reserved in the society charter.

Thus, on the basis of the aforesaid it is possible with sufficient confidence to approve, that there is a development of business practice and rules of law even in present conditions.

Actually everywhere the weight more affirms as regions of Russia legal practice of functioning of executive powers of a / \island In particular, it is known, that Federal act chapter 8 "On joint-stock companies" defines the competence and powers of board of directors (supervisory board) of joint-stock company and an order of formation and power of an executive office of a society.

As well as in world practice, in the Russian joint-stock companies the board of directors carries out the general management of activity of joint-stock company and makes practically all decisions, except for questions, the decision on which can accept only general meeting of shareholders.

At number of owners of voting actions less than 50 functions of board of directors can carry out general meeting, thus the decision of questions on carrying out of general meeting and its summons is assigned to the certain person or body.

Under the decision of general meeting compensation or indemnification of the expenses connected with their membership can be paid to members of board of directors. The number of members of board of directors for small societies is not regulated, and if shareholders more than thousand, in board of directors should be not less than seven members. Rational character of such norm allows to promote effective functioning to joint-stock company.

Members of board of directors are selected obshim shareholder meeting with a term of appointment within one year (quantity of re-elections beyond all bounds), and general meeting of shareholders has the right to interrupt

Powers of any of members of board of directors or all board of directors with its full complement. It is necessary to notice, that it is a legal innovation as according to earlier operating Decision of Ministerial council of RSFSR from December, 25th, 1990 № 601 member of board of directors was selected for two years and could not be re-elected ahead of schedule under no circumstances.

At elections of board of directors the list of the presented nominees affirms to boards of directors, and before introduction in action of the present law of a nominee in board of directors could be put forward by self-promotion and were put to vote at observance by the candidate of terms of promotion and other requirements established by the Decision of Ministerial council RSSR from December, 25th, 1990 №601.

Now the proportional representation guarantee at election in board of directors is given by cumulative voting when on everyone golosuoshchuju the action the poll equal to the general number of members of council is necessary. These voices can be given one candidate or are meted between several. At election of board of directors as cumulative voting of its power can be ceased only under the relation to all structure of board of directors. Legal realisation of data mehanizmoz will allow to attach, in our opinion, citizens of Russia to new perception of the right as tool of protection of economic interests of the person.

Members of an executive office not mo§ug to constitute the majority in board of directors. The chairman of board of directors is selected the majority vote of members of council and can be re-elected at any time. Sessions of board of directors are assembled by the chairman of council about its initiative or but to the requirement odnogs from members of board of directors, a revision committee or the auditor, an executive office. The quorum is defined by the charter and should

To constitute not less than half from number of the selected members of council. Decisions are accepted by the majority vote, transfer of voices to other member of council is not supposed.

It is characteristic, that p present time is legislatively forbidden combination of posts of the general director who was an individual executive office, and the chairman of board of directors. It is necessary to notice, that possibility of similar combination of posts of the head, that is an individual executive office, and the chairman of the supervisory board it has been established by legal acts about privatisation, including the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from July, 1st, 1992 №721. The occurred legal evolution serves, in our opinion, as an evident illustration of how on particles, small parts formed new legal practice aktsionirovanija.

The analysis norn the law, questions establishing the exhaustive list which it is forbidden to board of directors to give to the competence of executive powers of joint-stock company, leads to a conclusion, that now the legal status of board of directors has considerably grown and at a certain design of the charter of a society the board of directors becomes the absolute master of joint-stock company.

Also it is represented to us, that expansion of powers of the supervisory board will allow many joint-stock companies, including created in process privatnimi, more operatively and at high professional level to solve the strategic questions defining economic policy of a society.

Decisions on zeem to questions of a management of current activity, except the questions which are within the exclusive competence of general meeting and board of directors, are accepted by an individual executive office of joint-stock company (the director, the general director) or along with an individual executive office and board (management) joint istolkitelnym body. In case of need general meeting has the right to transfer powers of an executive office of a society under the contract of the commercial organisation (the operating organisation) or the individual businessman (managing director). The competence of each body is defined by the charter.

As already it was marked above, an individual executive office of joint-stock company is its (director) who, in particular, operates on behalf of a society without the power of attorney, including represents it, makes transactions, approves the list of staff, issues orders. The board (management) operates on the basis of the charter and the position (regulations) approved by board of directors both establishing terms and an order of convocation of board and acceptance the decision. Board meetings are spent by the director (general director) signing documents on behalf of a society and operating without the power of attorney according to decisions of board.

Now the law establishes responsibility of the persons entering into controls of a society, that is members of board of directors, the director, members of the joint executive office, the operating organisation or operating should operate in interests of joint-stock company, honesty and reasonably. The specified persons incur a civil responsibility for the losses caused by their actions (or inactivity), and otvetstve shost і, several persons is solidary. The members of the collegiate body who were voting against such decisions or not voting at all, do not bear responsibility.

Also it is necessary to consider as the important innovation the norm fixing the right of joint-stock company or the shareholder (shareholders), the owning not less than 1 % owning not less razmeshennyh common stocks, to address in court with the claim to the persons entering into controls of joint-stock company.

In sg. 77 Federal acts "On joint-stock companies" are legislatively fixed for the first time concept "market cost". The first mention of this concept has appeared in the Civil code of the Russian Federation, however legal definition of market cost is entered only in the specified federal act; according to the law "in market cost of property... The price on which the seller having the full information on cost of property and not obliged it to sell is, would agree to sell it, and the buyer having the full information on cost of property and not obliged to get it, would agree it to get". However, in our opinion, the law tenches, has declared the main principles opening this concept.

Analyzing legal definition of a market price, it is necessary for us to notice, that zakog has accorded it a right to board of directors, except for definition cases its court or other authorised body. The members of board of directors interested in the transaction, do not participate in market price definition, in this case the independent appraiser (auditor) can be involved in an estimation. The independent appraiser as it is established now, is necessarily involved at the repayment of the action at shareholders of a society and if quotations of these actions are published in the press these data should be considered during an estimation. At carrying out of an estimation of common stocks the size of pure actives of joint-stock company, the price offered are taken into consideration. The buyer, and other factors at will of the appraiser.

If the owner of actions - the state or municipal union estimation compulsory condition is attraction for its carrying out of the state financial control body.

According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from August, 18th, 1996 К2І210 "About measures on protection of the rights of shareholders and maintenance of interests of the state as proprietor and the shareholder" it is established, that boards of directors of joint-stock companies, not less than 25 % of voting which actions is in a state ownership, are obliged to involve independent appraisers for definition of market cost of property of joint-stock company on request of the persons representing the state in Board of directors, or the authorised state body.

The state financial control body involved in cases, provided items 3 of item 77 of the Federal act "On joint-stock companies", now is Federal management on affairs about an inconsistency (bankruptcy) and to financial improvement at the Ministry of the Russian Federation of management of the state-owned property.

New word for domestic jurisprudence was that fact, that the separate chapter of the Law (chapter 10) is devoted large transactions which transactions made by a society or some the interconnected transactions on acquisition or the property alienation which cost exceeds 25 % of the book value of actives of a society concern, the transaction or some transactions on placing of common stocks in the quantity exceeding 25 % before placed common stocks, and also acquisition by any person of 30 and more percent of common stocks.

It is important to notice also, that if cost of the property mentioned above, constitutes og 25 % to 50 % of the book value of actives of joint-stock company for date of fulfilment of the transaction the decision on such transaction should be accepted board of directors unanimously or is passed on the decision of general meeting of shareholders. The transaction which subject is the property.

Which cost constitutes over 50 % of the book value of actives of a society, is made only but to the decision of special majority of general meeting.

As legal regulation of item 80 of the Law the order of a civilised method of buying up of a controlling interest of a society by acquisition by any person of 30 and more percent of common stocks of joint-stock company is provided.

According to specified article the person, intended is independent or together with affiliated persons to get 30 or more percent placed joint-stock company common stocks, is obliged not less than for a month in writing to inform a society on such intention. Nanosecond later than in a month after realisation of buying up of 30 % of actions the person who has carried out their purchase, is obliged to offer other shareholders to sell to it actions belonging to them under the price which should not be below the price in realisation of the previous purchase of actions.

At non-observance any of these requirements the owner of the consolidated package, without dependence from size of this package, will be presented at meeting no more than 30 % of voices.

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A source: Rukavishnikov Sergey Mihailovich Korporatsija. as legal and social institute. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Moscow -. 2005

More on topic 3.3. Features of corporation as legal institution in comparison with corporation as social institute:

  1. §1 «Features of application of classical institute of the legal person in meiedunarodnom private law (MCHP) to a multinational corporation phenomenon»
  2. §2. «The basic concepts of legal definition of concept of the multinational corporation, its nature and essence in the domestic and foreign doctrine. Evolution of concept of the multinational corporation»
  3. §3. «Legal features of mutual relations of the multinational corporation and the accepting state»
  4. the basic directions of research of institute of corporation in the modern literature
  5. 2.1. Corporation as the subject of legal relations
  6. Chapter 2. The Legal status and a place of transnational corporation in system of the international private law
  7. §5. Corporation, as balance personal and property, expressed in the legal form.
  8. § 1. Features of realisation of enterprise activity by the state corporation Foreign trade and investment bank and international organisations MBES And MIB
  9. spheres of legal relations of corporation and the person in a context of human rights
  10. §2. «The parity of legal signs of the status of the multinational corporation and the status of the legal person. The comparative analysis»
  11. §3. «The basic approaches to opredelenijuponjatija the multinational corporation in various national systems, families of the right and at international legal level»
  12. § 1.1. Concept of corporation of the foreign and domestic legal doctrine
  13. 2.2. Economic characteristics of corporation
  14. sources of legal regulation of corporation in the USA and joint-stock company in Russia
  15. § 2. Structure of transnational corporation
  16. the Centralized direction corporation.
  17. a role and a place of elements of organizational structure of corporation in formation of anticorruption legal mechanisms.
  18. § 4. Concept and corporation signs: istoriko-theoretical aspect.
  19. a role of an ordering discourse in creation idealizirovannoj corporation models