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the International (external) safety and its legal maintenance

In Strategy of national safety of the Russian Federation of 2015 it is noticed, that the Russian Federation builds the international relations on principles of international law, maintenance of reliable and equal safety of the states, mutual respect of the people, preservations of variety of their cultures, traditions and interests [336] .

At the same time it is established, that strengthening of Russia occurs against the new threats of the national safety having complex interconnected character. In the international relations the role of the factor of force does not decrease. Escalating of power potential the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO) and investment with its global functions realised in infringement of norms of international law, activization of military activity of the countries of the block, the further expansion of an alliance, approach of its military infrastructure to the Russian borders create threat of national safety [337] .

On this background the role of legal regulation of the international relations and maintenance of the international safety in every possible way increases.

It is necessary to tell, that this problem always was in sphere of scientific interests of researchers and has long history. Their judgement occurred within the limits of three scientific directions.

the First connect with a name of English philosopher T.Gobbs (1588 - 1679). According to Gobbs, each country, struggling for the survival, inevitably clashes with others. He did not see possibility of existence of valid and observed "game rules". The state as the carrier
the sovereignty, was considered by Gobbs, has the right any ways to defend the interests [338] .

At the heart of the second direction I.Kanta's ideas which has put forward the thesis about possibility and necessities of an establishment of "the constant world» as a moral standard lay. For it the reason forcing the states to subordinate the interests to norms of international law, is «rational prompting and the moral obligation of each separate citizen in relation to human community». Harmony achievement in relations of the states on international scene demands existence of "the educated political order» which would personify ideal lines of a state system of that time and would transfer them to sphere of the international relations. Such treatment of a problem of regulation of the international relations has received the name idealistic [339] .

G.Grotsy (1583 - 1645), has put in pawn bases of the third direction. It supposed possibility of regulation of mutual relations of the states by means of rules of law and institutes and specified in necessity of restriction and a regulation of forms of mutual relations of the national sovereign states. Comprehension of such necessity will allow the states to limit voluntary the sovereignty, having delegated its part in favour of international bodies and institutes [340] .

In modern conditions a basis of the right of the international safety is the system of norms of the international public law, called to exclude power forms of the permission of questions at issue in relations between the states.

it is important to notice, that the international law existing to both world wars recommended to the states to address to pacific means of the permission of state differences, but did not oblige them to follow this procedure.

At the Hague conferences of the world 1899 and 1907 the Convention on the peace decision of the international collisions generalisation of rules of application of good offices and intermediary was which purpose, formations and functioning of the international arbitration courts and courts of inquiry [341] has been developed and accepted.

the Statute of League of the Nations Accepted in 1919 has appeared more progressive document from the point of view of international law - it provided obligatory application in certain cases of separate means of the peace permission of state differences (arbitration and proceeding, the reference to Council or League Meeting). However rather essential lack of this document was that it did not contain accurately formulated principle of the peace permission of state differences, and also supposed war as lawful means of the resolution of disputes [342] .

Following step on a way to a recognition of a principle of the peace permission of state differences was acceptance in 1928 of the Parisian contract on refusal of war (so-called Pact Briana - Kelloga) [343] , in item of II which directly it is underlined: «High Contracting parties recognise, that settlement or the permission of all able to arise between them disputes or conflicts what character or what origin they would not be, should be found always only in pacific means».

the United Nations Organization Charter [344] became the Major landmark in development of a principle of the peace permission of state differences. In the United Nations Charter attempt to create the mechanism of "international peace and safety maintenance» has been undertaken; in it the norms, concerning collective compulsion to the world under the Security council decision also contain. In this plan we will pay attention to following circumstance.

In international law there is an opinion, that the positions which have entered into the General Declaration of human rights 1948 g [345] ., it is necessary to consider as norms of international law, and, hence, principles containing in them and their performance is not within the exclusive competence of the national state. Therefore «humanitarian accident», regular infringements of human rights are good cause for intervention in internal affairs of the sovereign state.

Supporters of this position refer to a preamble and item 1 (3) item, 55 and 56 Charters of the United Nations according to which the states undertake «to undertake joint and independent actions» for the purpose of maintenance «general respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all» [346] .

However the international practice shows, that, despite the proclaimed generality, the politician of protection of human rights does not carry universal character. As a result many states resort to a policy of double standards. A role of the arbitrator in application of force for protection of human rights, incur the USA, NATO, EU, refusing in such right to other states.

Coming back to the text of the Charter of the United Nations, we will notice, that it has defined main principles of the right of the international safety. First of all, it is principles of the peace resolution of disputes and non-use of force or threat by force. For the sake of realisation of these principles the Charter obliges the states to render the United Nations the all-round help in its actions and to abstain from rendering assistance to any state against which it undertakes actions of preventive or compulsory character.

the Charter has accorded the United Nations a right to provide, that also the states, not consisting with its members, operated according to the specified principles in that measure in what it is necessary for international peace and safety maintenance (item 2 item 6).

we Will underline, that not only specified, but also other principles of international law form the base of the right of the international safety. This position was specially underlined by General Assembly of the United Nations. Effective collective measures can be carried out only on the basis of respect of principles of a sovereign equality, non-interference to internal affairs and self-determination.

it is final, the respect of human rights, democracy have paramount value for prevention of threat to the world. Each person has the right to a life, and the state and the international community as a whole should provide the international order at which this right can be carried out (the item of item 3 and 28 General Declarations of human rights). The human rights on the world which is connected with the right to the people and state world From this follow. In the Declaration on the right of the people on the world of 1984 the General Assembly has formulated «the sacred right of the people to the world» which maintenance is the radical obligation of the states.

Special value has a principle of diligent meeting commitment on international law, as the reliable international law and order - a necessary condition of the world and safety.

So, in item 1 of item 1 of the Charter of the United Nations the problem «is formulated to support an international peace and safety and with that end in view to accept effective collective measures for prevention and elimination of threat to the world and suppression of certificates of aggression or other infringements of the world and to spend pacific means, in the consent with justice and international law principles, settling or the permission of state differences or situations which can lead to world infringement» [347] .

Thus, the right of the international safety reflects basic changes in international law as a whole. War is not considered any more as has put only the states participating in it. Universal peace and safety maintenance - the international law main task. Is not present it is right the states on war more. War, application of force more are not in the exclusive competence of the state. It is business of the international community as a whole.

the Important contribution to formation of a legal basis of the international safety belongs to our country. In the Decree on peace of 1917 [348] principles of the democratic world contained. Aggressive wars appeared «the greatest crime against humanity». Came under to cancellation extortionate, unequal dogovory. The principle of self-determination has been put In a peaceful settlement basis. Negotiations about the world should be led «with participation of representatives of all without withdrawal of nationalities and the nations involved in war». Between two world wars of the USSR constantly actively supported creation of system of collective security and collective repulse of aggression.

For realisation of the concept of the world and the safety embodied after the Second World War in the Charter of the United Nations, our country also has made considerable efforts. So, in 1975 the important decisions have been accepted by Meeting
on safety and cooperation in Europe [349] . In 1986 of the USSR has offered the concept of universal international safety. Its positions have got support of the United Nations in resolutions of 1986 and the next years devoted to universal system of an international peace and safety [350] .

However and in the modern world still at certain political forces representation about necessity of obligatory expansion of the military-political unions dominates, frequently, to the detriment of the international safety and, as consequence of norm of international law are applied selectively, proceeding from so-called political expediency, and sometimes and simply ignored. Examples of that are also military operation on the Balkans, both the recognition of Kosovo, and the Caucasian crisis - an attack to South Ossetia, and crisis of the contract on usual armed forces in Europe, at last, the Ukrainian crisis.

Evolution of the international relations in the beginning of the XXI-st century and strengthening of Russia have demanded in a new fashion to look at the general situation round it, to rethink priorities of the Russian foreign policy taking into account the increased role of the country in the international affairs, increases of its responsibility for an event in the world and opened in this connection possibilities to participate not only in realisation of the international agenda, but also in its formation, it is spoken in the Concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation from February, 12th, 2013 [351] .

In an international situation, along with the positive tendency - strengthening of positions of the Russian Federation on international scene, showed also negative tendencies which are necessary for considering at
carrying out of a foreign policy of Russia on concrete directions.

According to the higher priority of national safety - protection of interests of the person, a society and the state - the main foreign policy efforts of Russia are concentrated now to achievement of following main objectives:) maintenance of safety of the country, preservation and strengthening of its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community, in the greatest measure equitable to interests of the Russian Federation as one of the influential centres of the modern world and necessary for growth of its political, economic, intellectual and spiritual potential; Creation of favorable external conditions for modernisation of Russia, transfer of its economy into an innovative way of development, increase of a standard of living of the population, consolidation of a society, strengthening of bases of the constitutional system, a lawful state and democratic institutes, realisations of the rights and freedom of the person and, as consequence, maintenance of competitiveness of the country in the globalized world and others [352] .

In modern conditions Russia is interested in the stable system of the international relations based on principles of equality, mutual respect and mutually advantageous cooperation of the states and leaning against international law. Such system urged to provide reliable and equal safety of each member of the world community in political, military, economic, information, humanitarian and other areas. Its main tool - multilateral diplomacy.

the Center of regulation of the international relations and world politics coordination in the XXI-st century should remain the United Nations which have proved the bezalternativnost and it is allocated by unique legitimacy. Russia
supports efforts on strengthening of its central and co-ordinating role.

It assumes:

- steady observance of the purposes and the principles fixed in the Charter of the United Nations;

- rational reforming of the United Nations with a view of its systematic adaptation to varying political and economic realities in the world;

- the further increase of efficiency of activity of the UN Security Council bearing the main responsibility for maintenance of an international peace and safety, giving to this body in the course of reforming bolshej imposing appearance at maintenance of due efficiency in its work. Any decisions on creation of additional places in the UN Security Council should be accepted on the basis of the widest consent of member states of the United Nations. The status of five permanent members of the UN Security Council should be kept.

That it is necessary to make for achievement of these purposes? The answer to this question, from our point of view, consists in the following.

First, it is necessary to continue work on strengthening of legal bases of the international safety. The conventional norms and international law principles should define game rules in world affairs. And understanding development will correlate the acts to international law to promote decrease in the factor of rigid force, the statement of a collective line of action. Otherwise we will face the international chaos and practical impossibility to keep the international law and order.

Secondly, it is necessary to go on a formation way politsentrichnoj the international system. This problem cannot be solved without the whole complex of measures - including reform of leading international institutes, strengthening of multilateral diplomacy as a whole. Together with all interested
the parties Russia is ready to create originally democratic model of relations, not supposing individual domination in any sphere.

the Third problem is a statement of universal diplomatic methods of settlement of crisis situations. For achievement of positive results the "problem" states - in whatever point of globe they were - it is necessary not to isolate, and to involve in dialogue.

the Fourth. Constant dialogue of the international community is necessary for as much as possible fast formation of new rules of world financial architecture. The monopoly in this sphere has appeared not modern global economy simply inadequate to realities. It has appeared dangerous to all. And consequently the new financial architecture should provide interests of all its participants. But thus it should be protected from its use in interests of one country or group of the countries, one economic system.

As to specific goals of the international cooperation in the field of legal maintenance of safety they are formulated in Law item 7 «About safety». It: protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation; protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the Russian citizens abroad; strengthening of relations with strategic partners of the Russian Federation; participation in activity of the international organisations, dealing with problems of maintenance of safety; development of bilateral and multilateral relations with a view of performance of problems of maintenance of safety; assistance to settlement of conflicts, including participation in peace-making activity.

As it is visible, on the first place among them the legislator puts protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation terms "territory" (ch 1993 are repeatedly mentioned. 1 - 3 items 4, ch. 1 items 68, the item item 71), «integrity of the Russian Federation» (ch. 5 items 13), «territory of the Russian Federation» (ch. 1 items 67, ch. 1 items 74), «territories of subjects Russian
Federations» (ch. 1 items 67), «integrity and inviolability of territory» (ch. 3 items 4), «territorial bodies» (ch. 1, 4 items 78), «the state integrity» (ch. 2 items 80), «integrity of the state» (ch. 1 items 82), «borders of territories» (ch. 2 items 131) etc.

In this direction it is impossible to hold back that Russia has a number both external, and the internal not resolved questions anyhow leaving on a problem of maintenance of territorial integrity. International law requirements here are obvious: the United Nations Charter obliges to abstain from threat by force or its application against the state territorial integrity (item 2 item 4) [353] .

In turn, the Declaration from October, 24th, 1970 «About principles of the international law, concerning friendship and cooperation between the states according to the United Nations Charter», approves: «Each state is obliged to abstain from threat by force or its application for the purpose of infringement of existing international borders of other state or as means of the permission of state differences, including territorial disputes and the questions, concerning frontiers...»; «the State territory should not be object of military occupation... The State territory should not be object of acquisition by other state as a result of threat by force or its application. No territorial acquisitions which are growing out of threat by force or its application, should admit lawful...»; «territorial integrity and political independence of the state are inviolable» [354] .

the Helsinki Final act of meeting on safety and cooperation in Europe from August, 1st, 1975 in the positions also
proclaims a principle of indestructibility of borders (both participants of the Agreement, and all states in Europe) [355] .

As some authors, «truly notice maintenance of integrity and inviolability of territory of the Russian Federation - a direct embodiment of the sovereignty on international scene, that starts with the United Nations Charter (item 1, 2), the Charter of the Council of Europe and other international treaties» [356] .

it is final, the important purpose of the international cooperation is also protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the Russian citizens abroad. The legal status of the Russian citizens is abroad defined both the Russian legislation, and numerous certificates of the legislation of host country (constitutions, laws on the rights of foreigners, etc.).

It is characteristic, that the Russian citizens living abroad, are in dual position: on the one hand, their legal status is defined by the corresponding foreign legislation, with another - they have the rights and perform duties on a level with the Russian citizens living in territory of the Russian Federation, except for the cases established by international treaties of the Russian Federation and the legislation of Russia. The persons having a dual citizenship, one of which Russian, cannot be limited in the rights and freedom and are not released from the duties following from citizenship of the Russian Federation if other is not provided by the international treaty of the Russian Federation or the legislation of Russia.

It is necessary to notice, that in one countries the rules of law defining a legal status of foreigners, traditionally join in the international private law (for example, to France). In the majority of the states the rules of substantive law defining legal
position of foreigners, contain in various acts basically the is administrative-legal character, establishing special conditions or restrictions concerning the rights which foreigners can use. They concern, in particular, the property rights to the ground areas (for example, in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia). In a number of the countries there are separate laws on the foreigners, containing norms of is administrative-legal character (for example, in Germany).

that the Russian citizens who are abroad, use protection and protection of Russia is important. According to ch. 2 items 61Êîíñòèòóöèè the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation guarantees to the citizens protection and protection behind its limits.

In our opinion, not belittling value of various public organisations (the Russian communities) abroad, performance of this problem basically should be provided with embassies and consular establishments of Russia in the corresponding countries, and that is why.

As is known, to the primary goals and functions of embassies protection in the state of their stay of the rights and interests of the Russian citizens and the Russian legal bodies taking into account the receiving state legislation (Position item 6 about Embassy of the Russian Federation 1996) concerns.

On the Russian consulates duties are assigned to take measures to that the Russian citizens had in full all rights given by it by the legislation of the receiving state and international treaties which participants are the Russian Federation and the receiving state, and also the international customs. In case the consul will establish infringement of any rights of the Russian citizens, it should take measures for restoration of the broken rights.

Besides, consular establishments of the Russian Federation outside of its territory carry out a number of the functions directly connected with maintenance of the rights of the Russian citizens. They make the state registration of a birth, a marriage, cancellation
marriage, adoption (udocherenija), paternity proof, name changes, and also death; under statements of the Russian citizens and stateless persons the decision on entering of corrections and changes in the civil registrations constituted in territory of the Russian Federation make; make corrections and changes to the civil registrations which are at them stored, and grant on the basis of these records repeated certificates on the state civil registration [357] .

Officials of consular establishments also carry out variety of notarial actions, in particular, they certificate transactions (except contracts on alienation of the real estate which is in territory of the Russian Federation); take measures to succession protection; grant certificates on the right to the inheritance; grant certificates on the property right to a share in the community property of spouses; fidelity of copies of documents and extracts from them testify; testify fidelity of transfer of documents from one language on another.

we Believe, that taking into account the international situation in the world, on a question, concerning the rights of compatriots, it is necessary to stop separately. It is necessary to tell, that after disintegration of the USSR and formation of new independent states millions compatriots have appeared the borders separated from the Russian Federation. They are forced to live and define the further destiny in a new political, social, economic and cultural situation. Therefore they require the help and support from the governments of new independent states and from Russia.

the Russian Federation has defined internal and foreign policy concerning compatriots as international relations basic and dominating in development and adjustment of communications with the new independent states earlier entering as republics in structure of the USSR.

In this connection the Federal act from May, 24th, 1999 «About a state policy of the Russian Federation concerning compatriots abroad» [358] defines a category of compatriots as which understands the persons who were born in one state, living or living in it and possessing signs of a generality of language, religion, a cultural heritage, tradition and customs, and also descendants of the specified persons on a direct descending line.

Under «compatriots abroad» in this Law are meant: the Russian citizens constantly living outside of the Russian Federation; the persons consisting in citizenship of the USSR, living in the states which were a part of the USSR, received citizenship of these states or become by stateless persons; natives (emigrants) of Russia and Soviet Union, become by citizens of the foreign state either looking like on a residence or become by stateless persons; descendants of the persons belonging to specified groups, except for descendants of persons of the title nations of the foreign states (the title nation in the law designates a part of the population of the state which nationality defines its official name).

we Will underline, that the purposes of a state policy of the Russian Federation concerning compatriots consist in rendering of the state support to compatriots, including in maintenance of a legal protection of their interests, and also conditions at which they could live as citizens equal in rights in the foreign states or return to the Russian Federation.

it is necessary to tell and that in the field of observance and protection of human rights has developed and the system of international agreements and mechanisms of the control over their use operates.

Major of them are: the General Declaration of human rights accepted by General Assembly of the United Nations on December, 10th, 1948 [359] ; the International pact about the civil and political rights of 1966 [360] ; the European convention on protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of 1950 [361]

According to the conventional principles and norms of international law, international treaties, the legislation of the Russian Federation, and also taking into account the legislation of the foreign states Russian Federation renders to compatriots assistance in realisation and maintenance of the rights and freedom of the person and the citizen, including the rights: to use Russian and native languages of the people of the Russian Federation for development spiritual and a mental potential; to establish and freely to maintain relations between compatriots and communications with the Russian Federation, and also to receive the information from the Russian Federation; to create national-cultural autonomies, public associations and the religious organisations of compatriots, mass media and to participate in their activity and others.

it is unconditional, great value for maintenance of observance of legitimate rights and interests of citizens and compatriots positions of international treaties of the Russian Federation with the foreign states abroad have.

Granting in a contractual order on the basis of reciprocity of a certain mode pursues the aim of prevention of any discrimination of the Russian citizens, changes of their legal status unilaterally. The big number both multilateral, and the bilateral contracts directed on maintenance of the rights and freedom of the person in the states CIS has been concluded.

To them documents of multilateral character concern, first of all: the Agreement on creation of the CIS 1991 [362] , the Declaration on the international obligations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms of 1993 [363] , the Convention of the CIS on the rights and fundamental freedoms of the person of 1995 [364] , Conventions on legal aid and legal relations on civil, family and to criminal cases of 1993 and 2002 [365]

To the bilateral concern: dogovory about legal aid, about a legal status of the Russian citizens constantly living in territory of the states CIS, and citizens of these states - on territories of the Russian Federation, consular conventions, etc. a Number of agreements the Russian Federation with the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) in which lives the big number of the Russian citizens have been concluded. As an example we name the Contract on legal aid between the Russian Federation and Latvia, the prisoner on February, 3rd, 1993 and become effective on March, 29th, 1995 [366] According to this contract, citizens of Latvia in Russia, in the same way, as well as citizens of Russia in territory of Latvia, use concerning personal and property rights the same legal protection, as well as own citizens of each of the states.

in considered sphere strengthening of relations with strategic partners of the Russian Federation is Important.

So, in the Concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation from February, 12th, 2013 it is proclaimed, that a priority direction of foreign policy of Russia is development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the state-participants CIS [367] .

Russia builds friendship with each of the state-participants CIS on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, respect and the account of interests each other. With the states which show readiness for it, relations of strategic partnership and sojuznichestva develop.

Besides, Russia approaches to trade and economic relations with the state-participants CIS taking into account the reached level of cooperation, consistently adhering to market principles as the important condition of development of mutual relations originally equal in rights and strengthening of objective preconditions for advancement of modern forms of integration.

Along with it, Russia actively promotes development of interaction of the state-participants CIS in humanitarian sphere on the basis of preservation and augmentation of the general cultural-tsivilizatsionnogo a heritage which in the conditions of globalisation is the important resource of the CIS as a whole and each state-participant separately. The special attention is given to support of the compatriots living in the state-participants CIS, the coordination on the basis of reciprocity of arrangements on protection of their educational, language, social, labour, humanitarian and other rights and freedom.

it is obvious, that Russia will increase cooperation with the state-participants CIS in sphere of maintenance of mutual safety, including joint counteraction to the general calls and threats, first of all the international terrorism, extremism, the narcotraffic, transnational criminality, illegal migration. Paramount problems are neutralisation of terrorist threat and the narcothreat, proceeding with territory of Afghanistan, bar of claim by lapse of time of destabilization of conditions in the Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

we Will pay attention to that circumstance, that in the analyzed Concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation position that «original association of efforts of the international community demands formation of a valuable basis of combined action, a support on the general spiritually-moral denominator which always existed at the basic world religions, including such principles and concepts as aspiration to the world and justice, advantage, freedom and responsibility, honesty, mercy and diligence» [368] is formulated new for modern
diplomacy.

Making comments on this position, we will underline, that at the present stage the traditional military-political unions cannot provide counteraction to all spectrum of modern calls and the threats which are transboundary on the character. On change blokovym to approaches to the decision of the international problems the network diplomacy leaning against flexible forms of participation in multilateral structures with a view of effective search of decisions of the general problems should come.

Also on the foreground are put forward, along with military power, such important factors of influence of the states on a world policy, as economic, legal, scientific and technical, ecological, demographic and information. The increasing weight is got by questions of maintenance of a sustainable development, spiritual and intellectual development of the population, growth of its well-being, increase of level of investments into the person.

the Global competition in the newest history gets for the first time tsivilizatsionnoe measurement and is expressed in rivalry of various valuable reference points and models of development within the limits of universal principles of democracy and market economy. More and more loudly declares itself cultural-tsivilizatsionnoe variety of the modern world.

the tendency of increase of value of the factor tsivilizatsionnoj identity becomes the Back of processes of globalisation. The aspiration to return to the tsivilizatsionnym to roots is distinctly traced in
events in the Near East and in the North Africa where political and social and economic updating of a society frequently passes under the slogan of the statement of Islamic values.

Similar processes are observed and in other regions that leads to class prime priorities of world politics a prevention problem mezhtsivilizatsionnyh breaks, escalating of efforts in interests of formation of partnership of cultures, religions and the civilisations, called to provide harmonious development of mankind.

In these conditions of attempt of imposing by another of own scale of values are fraught with strengthening of xenophobia, intolerance and a conflictness in the international affairs, and finally - slipping to chaos and uncontrollability in the international relations. Negatively prospects of strengthening of global stability are influenced by the designated tendency reideologizatsii the international relations.

we Will notice also, that the integral constituting modern world policy there is «a soft force» - complex toolkit of the decision of foreign policy problems with a support on possibilities of a civil society, information-communication, humanitarian and other methods alternative to classical diplomacy and technology.

At the same time, strengthening of a global competition and accumulation of crisis potential lead to risks sometimes destructive and illegal use of "soft force» and remedial concepts with a view of rendering of political pressure upon the sovereign states, interventions in their internal affairs, destabilizations there conditions, manipulations public opinion and consciousness, including within the limits of financing of humanitarian projects and the projects connected with protection of human rights, abroad [369] .

In this situation the international cooperation of Russia in protection of the national safety leans on: participation in activity of the international organisations, dealing with problems of maintenance of safety; development of bilateral and multilateral relations with a view of performance of problems of maintenance of safety; assistance to settlement of conflicts, including participation in peace-making activity; the further development of a legal basis.

In summary we will underline, that the modern system of national safety is universal. It covers not only military and political, but also and other aspects - economic, ecological, humanitarian and, certainly, legal.

Special value is given to development and democracy perfection in the international relations and in the concrete states with a support on available already corresponding legal basis.

By results of research in the present chapter we will note such moments.

National safety is the difficult and multidimensional concept characterised by own nature, essence, the maintenance, and also the mechanism of its maintenance and system of interrelations. In the scientific literature it was repeatedly noticed, that there is the extremely numerous and various quantity of definitions as safety kinds as a whole, and national, in particular. From our point of view, it is possible to explain developed situation following reasons: first, absence of accurate legislative definition of kinds of safety and in some cases an identification of concepts "safety" and «national safety»; secondly, we are absent the uniform bases of classification of national safety; thirdly, occurrence of new kinds of national safety under the influence of varying international and internal political conditions. Therefore in the present work such author's vision of classification national
is presented safety, as its specific configuration. And, as the basis for the given classification the object of maintenance acts.

Kinds of national safety are military, state, public, economic, ecological, information, transport, power. The system of kinds of national safety which is natural and owing to objective causes is that, in our opinion, in particular, society developments, is not finished, definitive. As we in a basis of the presented classification had been put only such criterion, as object (sphere) of maintenance of national safety.

In modern conditions a basis of the right of the international safety is the system of norms of the international public law, called to exclude power forms of the permission of questions at issue in relations between the states. However the international practice shows, that, despite the proclaimed generality, the politician of protection of human rights does not carry universal character. As a result many states resort to a policy of double standards. A role of the arbitrator in application of force for protection of human rights incur the USA, NATO, EU, refusing in such right to other states.

the Important contribution to formation of a legal basis of the international safety belongs to our country. In modern conditions Russia is interested in the stable system of the international relations based on principles of equality, mutual respect and mutually advantageous cooperation of the states and leaning against international law. Such system urged to provide reliable and equal safety of each member of the world community in political, military, economic, information, humanitarian and other areas. Its main tool - multilateral diplomacy.

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A source: CHAPCHIKOV SERGEY JUREVICH. the CONCEPTUAL BASES of NATIONAL SAFETY And the MECHANISM of ITS MAINTENANCE: TEORETIKO LEGAL RESEARCH. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of juridical science. Kursk - 2018. 2018

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