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§ 1. Basic elements of market transformation of the Chinese economy

Development of economy of China since time of formation of the Peoples Republic of China (1949) was difficult and inconsistent. By the moment of creation of the Peoples Republic of China China was the backward agrarian country, the national economy which has remained from an old mode was in a pitiable condition.
In such conditions China has begun the movement on a way of economic and social revival. For without small half a century 8 five years' plans for development of national economy have successfully been executed, and 9th five-years period (1996-2000) is now carried out. Development of the Chinese economy can be divided into 4 basic of a stage: the first — with 1949 for 1957 when basically socialist transformations were finished; the second (1958-1966) — the developed socialist building; the third (1966-1976) — decade of the "cultural revolution", caused a serious damage to economic building; the fourth (since October, 1976 on present time) — a new stage of new economic development of the country. Since 1980th the most remarkable in social and economic sphere of the Peoples Republic of China is reform of the economic system, supplied to development of economy a rapid progress. During a significant space of time, since 1950th, China carried out planned management economy which has played a positive role concentration of financial and material resources, means on building of objects of nation-wide significance, in rational distribution of resources, change of economic shape of regions, creation of initial base for their industrialisation. However in process of continuous increase in volumes of production and occurrence polistrukturnosti ekono - miki defects of a planned economy began to be shown with the increasing evidence. Significance of a public property to the detriment of to its other forms was extremely overestimated. There was no accurate differentiation of functions between administrative machine and the enterprises »that has led to any interference of government bodies in affairs of the enterprises which practically have completely lost independence in managing; importance of plans was one-sidedly exaggerated and market laws were ignored. In management of economy the sheer bureaucracy which absolutely not was not considering possibilities of management by means of economic and legal levers reigned. In sphere of distribution of material benefits the principle uravnilovki predominated: irrespective of quality of managing and a profit level all received the "an iron cup of rice"from"the general copper '-. As a result in second half 1970th the country national economy has appeared on the verge of accident. The majority of consumer goods and production assets became scarce. The standard of living essentially decreased, real wages of workers and employees for 1957-1977 have fallen to 27,8 % [92. With. 59]. The significant part of the population was on the verge of hunger, the rationing system on 44 kinds of a foodstuff and clothes (In the same place] functioned. All it seriously interfered with development of a national economy. Sharp necessity of reforming of economy has ripened. Reform of economic system of the Peoples Republic of China, since 1978 on present time, has passed three periods. The main emphasis in the first period (December, 1978 — September, 1984) fell to village where various forms of a family contract have been introduced. Thereof it was possible to stimulate activity of peasants in commodity exchange economy development. In cities have started experiments on rasshire - niju the rights of the enterprises, to creation of special economic zones: 14 seaside cities opened to an external world have been declared. In the beginning of the second period (October, 1984 — December, 1991) the decision on carrying over of weight of reforms of economic system from village in a city was accepted. The basic attention has been given reorganisation of an economic mechanism and revival of activity of the urban enterprises. A number of measures on creation of system of the markets, reform of pricing and a control system of economy at macrolevel has been undertaken. Some more zones have been in addition declared opened to an external world. The third period (since 1992 on present time) is characterised by transition from "breaks" in separate links of old economic system to creation of the new mechanism; from updating of separate political installations — to updating of all standard system; from reforms in separate areas — to the complex, interconnected transformations. The system of a comprehensive openness of China to an external world was generated. Let's consider short basic directions of these transformations.
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A source: Go Show-dzhi. FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS the TOOL of MARKET TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC SYSTEM. ISSERTATSIJA on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. St.-Petersburg.

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