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Military-technical factors


Rather easy victory of the USA over Iraq in 1991 has designated dramatic changes in the military science, named «military-technical revolution» (VTR). Experts indicate various lines modern VTR [124; 53]: ability to collect data investigation to process them and to extend the necessary information to armies in a real-time; use of the high-precision weapon of the big range of action; working out of systems-invisible beings; use of companions of global positioning (GPS - from English Global Positioning System) and other.
Present VTR it is caused, first of all, by development of information technologies (IT). Progress in IT has made significant impact on realisation of military operations thanks to possibility to supply commanders of the duly exact information. Association of all data of investigation allows to carry out much more fast fighting problems, supplies ability to define an exact site of friendly and enemy armies, and also to collect, process and distribute corresponding given to thousand divisions deployed in various places. From prospecting complexes the information on the purposes can be transmitted to the planes which are in air, not through the command centre, and directly. For example, according to MO, in 2001 in Afghanistan from detection of the mobile purpose - columns bronetehniki - before its destruction passed no more than 10 minutes. Thus, it was possible to solve the most serious problem which has faced MO in this operation, - remoteness of bases from conflict area on thousand kilometres (deck aircraft - on aircraft carriers in Arabian sea, strategic bombers - on islands Diego - Garsija in Indian ocean). Planes could be in air space of Afghanistan only limited time - fuel hardly sufficed on destroying the stationary purposes: the command centres, communication centres and airdromes.
VTR promotes change not only methods of management war, but also transformation of work of the organisations [53, with. 47]. The tank invention in itself was concentration of technologies, but it has not caused significant changes in methods of management military actions with application of armour engineering that has not made also production of tanks in considerable quantities. Conceptual ideas for lightning war existed in 1910th however it was required more than twenty years that these ideas have been embodied in armoured armies in practice. Germans have succeeded in the Second World War, but thanking not to the material superiority, and a combination of corresponding technologies for service of tanks (for example radio communications with tanks), the organisations, theories of realisation of fight and proper culture of command structure. Germans have built the incorporated armed structures round the tank, allowing them to the full to use amazing power. In the same way development IT goes a hand about a hand with development of new forms of military structures. The USA could use all power of aircraft in 1991 equally thanks to technologies and organizational innovations - abilities to operate fight in a real-time in scales of all front (in case of war with Iraq - more than 1,5 thousand simultaneous fighting departures) and abilities to supply material service of war of such enormous intensity.
However distribution IT in VS has also other party - vulnerability. At the command of MO is available more than 2 million computers, more than 10 thousand local computer networks and more than 100 networks of a long-distance communication which execute each element of the problems, from working out of the weapon to a control of operations.
Within only 1995 in computers MO it has been made 250 thousand not authorised attempts of penetration [137, with. 10]. Computer networks VS, and also onboard computers of platforms - planes, tanks, the ships etc. - also can be subject to electromagnetic attacks. Nuclear explosion in an upper atmosphere is capable to paralyse practically all VS.
The second aspect consists in strategic vulnerability VS that the large part of the newest technologies VS is based on achievements of civil sector [52, with. 37]. Today the USA have absolute technological advantage, but technologies fast extend. According to the law formulated by one of founders of company "Intel" Gordonom by Murom, capacity of made computers doubles each four years. Thus, technologies of the last generation constantly become more accessible and from the point of view of the price. Technologies for interception of signals GPS are simple in use and rather cheaply stand, and even data from the international meteorological companions can intercept the countries of the third world or purchase a photo-and video data,
Received by means of commercial companions.
Thus, the future armed forces will require more flexible systems. As modern tanks, the ships and planes are largely vulnerable, many of them, most likely, will be replaced by automatically operated systems. Possibility to do without crew saves money. Fighter F-22 costs more than 100 mln. dollars, and
Developed pilotless planes, though also less effective, but
Suitable to bear onboard a bomb, fighters piloted by the person will cost about 10 mln. dollars In the future will be necessary only for the limited number of problems. Aircraft carriers and other surface ships are vulnerable for cruise missiles. Therefore some of them will be replaced «arsenalnymi by the ships», the semiloaded barges invisible to a radar bearing hundreds of rockets and operated small crew. One of the reasons of working out of these ships - their cheapness. The big aircraft carrier costs 3,5 bln. dollars and has onboard 5 thousand persons of crew; arsenalnyj the ship would cost, possibly, 500 mln. dollars, and its command would be no more than 50 persons.
Today the platform becomes less important whereas quality of its equipment - the weapon and electronics - appears in decisive parametre. The modernised plane produced thirty years ago, but armed with the newest rockets of type "air-air" with the big range of the flight, operated by means of onboard system of distant radar-tracking detection, can win plane three times less old, but not equipped in a similar way. In the world in which the leading role is played by precisely directed kinds of arms with the big range of the flight, the first blow can supply a victory. Fine to volume an example - complete destruction of system of antiaircraft defence of Iraq in 1991 within several hours of air attack with application of the newest weapon.
Rather VTR there are also sceptical opinions. Critics declare, that the western military organisations were not changed considerably enough to deal with technologies and XXI-st century threats. The new book of Brukingsky institute «has thrown down a challenge» to habitual submissions about VTR [108]. Its author Michael O'Henlon asserts, that revolution in the field of computers and electronics "masks" much more smaller achievements in impellent systems and fundamental aerodynamics. Differently, now there is no sufficient technological basis for radical transformation of military-technical sphere.
Speed of development of impellent systems and fundamental aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the ships, planes, rockets and land means of transport in general average. Amazing power of usual artillery pieces per unit of weight raises moderately enough. The reservation becomes easier and stronger, but the gain makes accordingly 10 % and 20 % of improvement for ten years, instead of 50 % and 75 %. Not less significant obstacles stand on a way of radical improvement of system of the tax of the information, despite certain achievements in this area. Gauges will develop in several important directions, mainly in a direction of reduction of the sizes that will give the chance to place bolshee their quantity on diverse piloted and automatically operated platforms. Ability of gauges to "see" through water, metal, a tree, soil and buildings remains limited not only practical design reasons, but also physics laws. So, the high density of walls of buildings stirs communications with the help of companions GPS and short-wave radio. Communication systems are improved more fast. But they will have also restrictions. They remain vulnerable for various kinds of an attack, including possible use of nuclear explosions at the big height which would cause more harm VS the USA, than to the armies using simple ViVT [33, with. 5].
However VTR to some extent occurs, as well as VS to some extent purposefully or informally adapt for new conditions of management war. At the same time VS the USA actively form new methods and rules of management wars. Important in this process there are doctrines which form approaches to planning of military operations and define purchasing programmes of arms. So, making in the 1997 «the Four-year-old review of a condition of defence» (English Quadrennial Defense Review), MO has asked to look each kind of armies the next 10-20 years and to describe the prospective nature of the future war. On the basis of these data the centres of modelling under the guidance of the chairman of Incorporated committee of chiefs of staffs have developed the general project «Uniform prospect - 2010» (English Joint Vision - 2010). It represents the conceptual sample of the new incorporated military actions VS concentrated on four new concepts of management of wars - high mobility, use of the high-precision weapon, comprehensive protection and purposeful materialnotehnicheskoe maintenance. Aim these preparations consists in achievement of complete domination VS in the conditions of the uncertain future, the information superiority should become a basis of new strategy VS.
Undoubtedly, that requests VTR reflected in the doctrine «Uniform prospect - 2010», have influenced structure of orders (though have not completely defined) [105, with. 151]. Each large segment of the defensive industry has appeared under strong influence of reductions of defensive purchases (see table 2).

Table 2. Change in structure of the defensive order of the USA (disregarding inflation)


1989

1999


The sums of orders, of bln. dollars in tekushtsh the prices

Share in the general orders, in %

The sums of orders, of bln. dollars of current prices

Share in the general orders, in %

Change, in %

Planes

33 563

23,0 %

23 346

20,81 %

-30,4 %

Rockets and space systems

25 149

17,2 %

9 534

8,50 %

-62,1 %

The ships

12 307

8.4 %

7 787

6,94 %

-36,7 %

Tanks and armoured cars

4 794

3,3 %

2 795

2,49 %

-41,7 %

The weapon

2 020

1,4 %

1 647

1,47 %

-18,5 %

Ammunition

4 820

3,3 %

1 720

1,53 %

-64,3 %

Means of communications and electronics

23 583

16,2 %

10 670

9,51 %

-54,8 %

In total on ViVT

106 236

72,8 %

57 499

51,25 %

-45,9 %

Other technicians and services

39 772

27,2 %

54 695

48,75 %

37,5 %

In total

146 009

100,0 %

112 194

100,00 %

-23,2 %

Source: It is calculated on 129.

Priorities in distribution of costs were displaced towards battle readiness
Armed forces; so, for example, the actual value «other engineering and services» within 1989-1999 has raised on 37,5 %. It is necessary to notice, that the category «other technicians and services» includes purchases of program computer maintenance, spare parts, system integration, modernisation and research and development programs. Means, reduction of volumes of financing of purchases of arms was not such radical because the articles entering into a category «other technicians and services», become more and more important component of development VS. Nevertheless, volumes of financing of principal views of the categories having the greatest significance for VPK (space systems, the ships, an ammunition and, that is surprising, communication media and electronics as the separate article) were reduced more fast, than on the average, and aircraft, with its developed systems (fighter F-22 and JSF), the project of improvement of fighter F-18 and plane C-17 prepared for production, influence of reductions has appeared the least.
Thus, in the end of XX century thanking VTR the role of conventional armaments has increased. This revolution was based first of all on achievements in development of information technologies (including companions GPS) and "know-how" of arms. In spite of the fact that some analysts express of opinion on inferiority of the given revolution, VS the USA have undergone significant changes, and their methods of management war radically differ from operations of twenty years' prescription. Changes have undergone both methods of management war, and organisation VS that makes new demands to systems of arms. Being based on the doctrine «Uniform prospect - 2010», MO has concentrated the costs for research and development and purchases of means of the tax, processing and information distribution, and also tactical aircraft, means of antimissile defence and maintenance of global mobility.
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A source: BOLSHAKOV Zahar Anatolevich. the Basic tendencies of development of military-industrial corporations of the USA in 1990th years / the Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. - Moscow: the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of economic and the international relations. - 179 with.. 2002

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