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3. In reforms and an openness of the Peoples Republic of China

Practice of functioning SpEZ as forerunners has clearly shown role SpEZ to "the second Chinese revolution", that the basic precondition of development of productive forces and a necessary element of market transformation of economic system is liberalisation of economic conditions; with the help the country SpEz are received not only enormous material and financial assets, but also a wide experience and useful lessons in business of realisation of a policy of an openness to an external world and tactics of gradual market transformations. First, it is necessary to notice, that activity SpEZ promoted liberation of consciousness of people, has helped to dump ideolo - gichsskie puty, reoriented work of the state bodies on the decision of the central problem — realisation of economic building by modern economic methods. The matter is that at the first stage, despite accepted by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China and confirmed then VSNP decisions, people did not dare to participate in business unusual to them — building SpEZ. Others even considered, that it is the cleanest water the capitalism which does not have any relation to socialism. However in process of development of activity SpEZ in consciousness of people there were changes: from complete negation people came to acceptance of this activity, from misunderstanding — to comprehension of its essence. Radical changes in consciousness of people testify that fast development SpEZ created favorable conditions, conducted to a recognition people of this activity useful. People began to understand more deeply this activity, to find in it the place. Many of them understand now, that an exit — only in economic reform realisation, that, only carrying out reform, it is possible to raise the standard of life. It strengthens belief of people in importance of economic transformations. They began to support and protect economic reforms. Important that gradual growth of consciousness of people was supported with constant improvement of their life. People received more and more real benefits from economic transformations to the country, from realisation of a policy of an openness to an external world. The consciousness of people was gradually released, dews its level, the financial position improved, and it laid ways for comprehensive reforming of economic system, conditioned for gradual transition from vysokotsentralizovannogo planning to planned commodity economy, mortgaged ideological and economic base of transition from traditional socialism to sotsia - lizmu with the Chinese specificity, and in the end — to socialist market economy. Secondly, building SpEZ in China promoted deepening of transformations of all economic system. They were "windows" in world around, proving grounds of transformation of economic system, "bases" of export of production and foreign exchange reception. It they have introduced the specific investment in business of comprehensive reforming of all economic system of the country. SpEZ have given enormous stimulus for realisation of economic and ideological reform. From the very beginning they have struck blow to traditional methods of economic building when the state all tried objat and all carefully to regulate. Irrespective of, whether there is a speech about large-scale capital construction or about an all-around development of the industry, trade, service sphere, the state in all should be guided by interests of reform: completely to reveal active factors of building, using the credit, involving the foreign capital; to co-ordinate activity of the centre and local controls SpEz.
In SpEZ useful search and serious generalisations of problems of economic system is conducted: here various patterns of ownership are used, ever less prices of goods is regulated by the state, transition from planned regulation to the market is carried out. Many from tested in SpEZ measures on transformation of economic system were extended in all China. As a result of reduction of is administrative-planned instructions there is an expansion of sphere of use of the market mechanism which nucleus is reform of the prices and management. Pricing reform promoted expansion of sphere of action of market economy, has influenced economy of other areas. Reform of management by the enterprises and other accompanying reforms have been conducted. High degree of an openness and merchantability of economy SpEZ dictates necessity of possession already at microlevel the right of self-management, availability of vigorous and independent chiefs. Considering, that including the foreign capital the self-management right is already granted the enterprises, it was necessary to lay down also government facilities in equal conditions with them a market competitiveness. As a result of the enterprise had an opportunity more fast to conclude a various sort dogovory the contract, to pass to contract system of hiring of staff, to enter new system of a payment, and on some government facilities the system of responsibility of operating (director) under the guidance of advice has been entered. Undoubtedly, during introduction in SpEZ contract system, and also in other actions of the enterprises many errors, defects have been admitted. To reduce them to a minimum, in zone SHenchzhen in 1981 The system aktsionirovanija the enterprises has been entered. Now this zone has turned to main proving ground of system aktsionirovanija. Also rather reform of system of the markets has early been conducted. The central item of functioning of economy SpEZ — a strengthening of relations with the world market. Market organisation SpEZ was rather difficult, it was required to foster literally it completely to reveal a market mechanism role. Having developed a commodity market, in SpEZ first of all have refused obligatory lists of staff, having formed thereby a labour market; have made the account of the real estate and have created the real estate market; reformed management of the finance and have formed a capital market and the currency market; have created the market customs free industrial a floor-mat - of rials. Though now markets SpEz are not absolutely perfect, nevertheless they are proving ground for the markets of all country, making certain impact on socialist market system. Rather transition from the direct control at macrolevel to the indirect has early been conducted. Saying to that in SpEZ the market economy functions exclusively as commodity, it is necessary to underline, that management and the control at macrolevel in this situation can be only indirect. Leaning against the developed model of the indirect control at macrolevel, in SpEZ rather have early departed from administration in management of the enterprises, have separated a policy from production. It was simultaneously underlined, that the effect can give only a combination of actions of functional controls and the indirect control, the preference was given intermediate term and to long-range planning, and also the general directing planning for a year in all branches of economy. Besides, for increase of a role of management at macrolevel in SpEZ methodically improved a network of the indirect control, created realisation system during a life of decisions, decrees, etc. It testifies that SpEZ became excellent range in creation of model of functioning of market economy. On the basis of reached in SpEZ results the central government step by step expanded rights SpEZ, increased the areas of these cities. It has been created SpEZ on island Hainan, 14 coastal cities are opened, technological development, zones of new high technologies, duty free zones are created opening. By present time in China there was a system of a multistage, multichannel and comprehensive openness to an external world, covering all marine coast, coast of the rivers, many borders and midland areas of the country. By the end of 1995 in China 1194 districts opened to an external world and cities, 222 opened ports of the first category [22 were. With. 17]. Thirdly, in development eksportoorientirovannogo productions in SpEZ between SpEZ and internal areas of the country are established wide trade and economic ties. Samples of successful expansion of an economic reform and a policy of an openness to an external world, and also effective experience of such reforming are received. SpEZ is a classical sample of the organisation eksportoorientirovannogo productions. In business of development of such economy it is possible to allocate the general for all features, namely: maximum use of advantages of geographic location, and also development of external economic ties. Economic transformations in SpEZ China pass, so to say, on eyes at all country which also carries out an economic reform and a policy of an openness to an external world. Searches and the generalisations which are conducted for a long time in SpEZ, have led to creation of complete system of methods of attraction and use of the foreign capital, management of this capital, increases in export and reception of a foreign exchange, increase of efficiency of clerical work. Good experience of realisation of economic transformations and a policy of an openness to an external world is accumulated. The policy of an openness has led to that the economy of internal areas of the country through SpEZ establishes trading - economic ties with the world market. SpEZ, thus, play a dual role in business of realisation of a policy of an openness to an external world. In SpEZ earlier, than in internal areas of the country, reform of the foreign trade system has been conducted. Thanks to it the foreign trade enterprises have found possibility really osushche - stvljat independent managing, directly to leave on the world market and to participate in a competitiveness in this market. SpEZ import and use the advanced engineering of world level and in the activity connect advantages of use of the foreign capital to a low payment in the country. Here rather large capacities on production processing for export are created, new productive forces were generated. As a result of SpEZ have turned to bases on production for export and gradually accumulate development experience eks - portoorientirovannogo productions. Thanks to it role SpEZ in business of development of a national economy and deepening of a policy of an openness to an external world constantly increases. It is possible to tell, that SpEZ is an original really working model of formation of open economy for internal areas of the country. In conditions when market transformations to China are not finished yet, the economy of internal areas is far from an openness and develops slowly when sharp shortage of investments is felt, use of model SpEZ in areas which have ripened for this purpose is especially important. They also should connect the advanced engineering of world level and large foreign investments to rich sources of a cheap labour of internal areas. Such by it is possible to achieve complex use of the potential possibilities hidden in the politician of an openness to an external world, to stimulate the accelerated development of economy of areas and gradually to carry out transition to "open economy" all country. Fourthly, in SpEZ the big group of experts of management by economic building which play a huge role in business of development both SpEZ, and internal areas of the country is prepared. SpEZ are possessed at a crossroads of east and western civilisations, therefore here concentrate an advanced science and engineering of all world. For development of these processes here there is a wide open space, good conditions. It creates more possibilities for studying and drawing of experience of management, preparation and selection of administrative shots, an advanced science and engineering internal areas of the country. On the other hand, the governments of the cities of SpEz actively stimulate the representatives of the scientific and technical intelligency who has introduced especially large investment in development of economy of a zone. So, in February, 1992 the government Chzhuhajsky SpEZ has issued large awards to the director and four other experts of pharmacological factory — over 1 million yuans (200 thousand dollars) . Such measure of encouragement of scientific and technical experts has been carried out for the first time not only in SpEZ, but also as a whole on the country. It has received the hot response in all China. Subsequently such awards have been awarded in Shenchzhensky, Shantousky SpEZ and in other areas of the country. Such relation to competent, talented experts becomes remarkable public norm. In the conditions of the further deepening of reforms and creation of a high-grade market mechanism role SpEZ will increase. The big prospects for further development SpEZ their cooperation with special administrative area (SAR) opens Siangan. We consider, that in new historical conditions cooperation SpEZ and Siangan should develop following ways. As main elements of economic complementation between both parties should act: — In the field of tertiary sector — banks of each of the parties should execute operations on an exchange of the Chinese yuans and sjangan - skih dollars against each other; share branches of both parties should be integrated, extend trade under the state securities, develop the insurance markets; — In the field of processing branches (secondary sector) — it is necessary to adjust cooperation in development of the advanced engineering and technology that will allow to compensate shortage of raw materials and to promote decrease in industrial costs; — In the field of agriculture (primary sector) — cooperation of both parties should be concentrated mainly in eksportoorientirovannyh branches. Such transformations to areas of customs tariff policy of port Siangan are necessary: decrease in a payment for port passage, use of modern advanced methods of examination, increase of efficiency of clerical work of a custom of port. According to laws of market economy and the international rules it is necessary to create the mechanism of functioning of joint ventures and high-grade commodity markets, investments and production factors. And, at last, it is possible to consider a problem of creation of the mechanism of long cooperation between SpEZ and Siangan, including following aspects: — Creation of inter-regional cooperation, including communication of public organisations and corresponding power structures; — The coordination of an investment, industrial, trading, financial and scientific and technical policy; — Joint preparation and use of administrative shots that will allow not only to solve a problem of shortage of professional shots but also to supply constant personal contacts between population SpEZ and Siangan. Connection of economy SAR Siangan with economy SpEZ the Peoples Republic of China will promote counter movement of streams of shots, a floor-mat - of rials, the goods, engineering and the information. In this process SpEZ will be guided by more consistently main principles and market economy requests, and Siangan will manage to save and strengthen the economic potential. All it becomes the major factor of realisation of the basic directions of economic transformations to the Peoples Republic of China. * * * Till now we gave the characteristic of five already existing SpEZ China. But, as already it has been shown above, this form of economic zones far mismatches the international standards and does not decide many problems which face to such territorial economic complexes. Therefore creation SEZ of modern type should be following step.
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A source: Go Show-dzhi. FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS the TOOL of MARKET TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC SYSTEM. ISSERTATSIJA on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. St.-Petersburg.

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