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system of privileges and stimulus Chinese SEZ

In spite of the fact that basing on already available privileges and stimulus the open economic zones, especially five SpEZ, dobiyolis appreciable successes, this system is imperfect and it is essential otyolichaetsja from system of privileges and stimulus high-grade SEZ.

Defects of system of privileges and stimulus Chinese SEZ zakljuchayojutsja in the following.

First, this system is not finished. Privileges customs, tax are used mainly, etc. (see gl. 1, § 3), and stiyomuly on crediting and an abnormal depreciation and variety druyo
gih have not received distribution. The part of a preferential policy has been borrowed from experience of some countries, other part was ustayonovlena zones independently and is aimed mainly on poyorazhenie contenders. For example, the difference of rates of a payment for land tenure between SpEZ and ZTEO is very great. Some ZTEO neyoskolko time were reduced by the sizes of a payment for land tenure. Meanwhile such price control is not based on ekonomicheyoskoj to an earth estimation, and represents the primitive form priyovlechenija foreign investments.

Secondly, privileges and the stimulus established on gosudarstyovennom, provincial and local levels, are not co-ordinated on a vertical, across. In each zone the preferential policy is conducted. At lower levels the quantity and the sizes of privileges increase. There is a clash of interests in the field of a preferential policy. Thus investors receive big vygoyody, and the state incurs losses.

Occurrence of the foreign capital generates a competitiveness between zones, and also between zones and other areas. At nayolichii a small difference of natural and other conditions between zoyonami the preferential policy assumes importance the factor, opredeljajuyoshchim a capital flow direction. In this connection in each zone tax and various other privileges were established. The reason of these phenomena consists in that. That State Council laws about “stimulation of foreign investment '* have granted all local government bodies the legislative rights. So, for example. 9th item of the Law of the Peoples Republic of China about“ surtax of the enterprises with inostranyonymi investments and the enterprises based completely on inoyostrannom the capital ", provides, that on questions stimuliroyovannyh branches and objects with foreign investments praviyotelstvo provinces, independent areas (AR) and cities a main line -
nogo the decision on decrease local nayologov and complete clearing of their payment can make of submission. Such positions it is accepted already much, and the rights represented by them became the competitiveness tool between zones.

Thirdly, the acting preferential policy cannot carry out a problem defined as “development of priority directions of production”. The purposes and functions of open economic zones razyonyh models neodinakovy, and the centres of gravity of their development proizvodyostva are various. Theoretically preferential policy should have stimulating effect on realisation of the purposes of development proizyovodstva. However in practice of a privilege for eksportoorientirovannyh branches and the enterprises working on the basis of high technology, did not differ a little essentially from privileges, predostavlenyonyh to other branches and the enterprises. Therefore in open zones specific weight of realisation of production in country home market is high, and the share of the enterprises working on the basis of a front line tehnoyologii, is small.

In the majority of open zones the system of stimulation of scientific and technical staff is insufficiently developed.

Fourthly, preferential measures SEZ co-exist both in open zones, and in other areas of the country, and the sizes of these privileges in nekoyotoryh internal areas even more than in open zones. It inevitably generates pressure upon open zones, promotes realisation in them of more preferential policy and, at last, will be privoyodit to decrease in financial receipts in zones and in economy goyosudarstva as a whole.

At last, fifthly, many political installations and meroprijayotija. Conducted in open zones of the Peoples Republic of China. Considered as lgoyoty in the country, are not those abroad. Some of them represent standard in world practice praviyola, many reflect the normal status economic samostojayo
telnosti the enterprises in the conditions of market economy. So, nayoprimer, the part of the privileges granted SpEZ Shantou for predpriyojaty with foreign investments, is characterised as follows: the enterprises with foreign investments have the complete right to independent managing, their investors have prayovo on management of the enterprises for the advanced scientific methods, on independent working out of the plan of production; the enterprises can mobilise and use money resources for samoyostojatelnoj purchases of production assets; the enterprises can sayomostojatelno purchase production assets, define structure of management and states of staff, to invite and dismiss upravlenyocheskih and technical workers and workers; the enterprises have the right to refuse entering of separate kinds social plateyozhej. In the countries with market economy transferred above and poyodobnye positions at all are not considered as privileges.

In our opinion, for overcoming of these defects neobhoyodimo to carry out the following.

First, it is necessary to refuse from wrong ponimayonija roles of a preferential policy. It — only one, though also important, from many investment factors. It is impossible to neglect other factors — an industry level of development, market potential, an infrastructure, an environment, etc. Entry of the foreign capital in SEZ depends nanosecond only from preferential poliyotiki SEZ, it grows out of the complex account of all inveyostitsionnyh conditions.

In this connection we consider, that in the field of attraction inoyostrannogo the capital, besides an establishment of privileges and stimulus, at national economy level as a whole are necessary stabilisation political and economic conditions, izzhitie bureaucratism, suyorovoe corruption prosecution, efficiency increase admi -

nistrativnogo clerical work and creation of fair rules of "economic behaviour” state bodies. In sotsialyonoj to sphere are necessary maintenance of a fair competitiveness, sglazhivayonie social contradictions and improvement of professional skill, kulyoturnogo level and discipline of a labour. gosudarstyovo should carry out steadily market reforms, ogranichiyovat monopoly and support economic stability.

Secondly, it is necessary to improve system of privileges and stimulus. The history of an openness of the Peoples Republic of China to an external world and creations SpEZ and other open zones is rather short. Tactics “stimulations inyovestirovanija” still is in a stage of experimental check, the system of privileges and stimulus is continuously improved. In nastojayoshchee time, owing to limitation of sources of the financing, many effective measures on an encouraging investment cannot be carried out in the big scales. However it is nanosecond cancels neobyohodimosti grantings of various privileges and stimulus and, that osoyobenno is important, — their flexible use.

Thirdly, the important problem is unification of specifications of represented privileges and stimulus and realisation prohibition lgotyonoj politicians outside of SEZ.

Significance of unification of considered privileges consists that it will facilitate management of open zones and sposobstyovovat to fast transformation of open zones in SEZ. She will allow investors to understand better the Chinese investment policy and to reduce expenses for information searches, will stimulate priyovlechenie foreign investments in SEZ China, will facilitate an estimation and comparison of results of functioning separate SEZ. To neyodavnego to time as criteria of an estimation of an openness of open zones to an external world and achievements of administration of these zones served koyolichestvo the involved foreign investments. However the such
It is impossible to recognise the approach rational, since. It does not consider izyoderzhki, connected with granting of privileges.

To achieve unification of a preferential policy, gosuyodarstvo should carry out it in the centralised order, instead of at province or zone level. Thus corresponding normayotivnye certificates should be detailed enough, that poyozvolit to avoid their any interpretation. It should be laws of direct action. Any zone should not establish additional positions and add not provided in obyoshchegosudarstvennyh privilege certificates. Only such by it is possible obesyopechit conformity of system of privileges and stimulus standard mezhyodunarodnym for standards with allowance for specific conditions of China.

At the same time it is necessary to forbid realisation preferential poliyotiki for SEZ in other areas of the country. The ego is dictated by essence SEZ — their main feature consists that the system of privileges and the stimulus is entered into them, not used in other areas of the country. Besides, it was defined by the special purposes of creation SEZ — they reflect as obshcheekonomicheskuju, and regional ekonomicheyoskuju a policy of the state. The unification request is defined, at last, and the general background of creation SEZ which is focused on a priority role of strategic problems of development of economy strayony.

Fourthly, it is necessary to strengthen regulating effect lgotyonoj politicians on production structure. China especially encourages development eksportoorientirovannyh branches and productions on the basis of high new technology in open zones. It is caused by that now in China huge demand on importiyoruemuju production and a low level of development of production on the basis of high new technology takes place. Reached in the field of export toryogovli results of open zones of the Peoples Republic of China are far from similar pokayo
zatelej SEZ abroad. As it was already indicated, specific weight realiyozatsii production of open zones in country home market is high. It means, that the profit received from realisation of production in home market of the country, more than profit on export. IzmeYOnit this situation the purposeful economic policy can only.

At last, fifthly, it is necessary to borrow a policy of privileges and stimulus SEZ, used in other countries. It is necessary to have in viyodu, that creation SEZ of China only has begun now, and prototype SEZ — SpEZ and other open economic zones razyolichnogo sorts — have started to form in conditions of on-line planned economy of China. As a result of the purpose, model SEZ and rules of submission of privileges and stimulus in the Peoples Republic of China were cut down and partial. In 1992 China has officially established a main objective of reforms — building of system socialist market ekoyonomiki [4]. Thereby new demands were made to development of open zones of China — they should correspond to models razviyotija the countries SEZ with market economy. Furthermore maximum zayoimstvovanie experience of management SEZ of other countries with market ekoyonomikoj became possible and the most effective by development SEZ.

It goes without saying, that at drawing of experience of other countries the Chinese government should consider objective conditions of the country.

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A source: Go Show-dzhi. FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS the TOOL of MARKET TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC SYSTEM (ON MATERIALS of the Peoples Republic of China). The DISSERTATION on scientific degree competition kavdvdata economic sciences. St.-Petersburg -. 1998

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