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territorial placing and orientations of production Chinese SEZ

As a rule, territorial placing and definition tsenyotra weights of development of production SEZ are based on geografiyocheskih. Economic, demographic and other factors.

Now in the field of geographical distribution and production development in acting open zones there are many problems.

In the field of geographical distribution there are following basic problems.

First, there is no coherent plan geographical razmeshcheyonija. During the early period of realisation of a policy “reforms and otkrytoyosti” China has chosen a southeast belt as base of creation SEZ. There five have been created SpEZ and 14 ZTEO. During this period it was ratsioyonalno. However after their creation represented by it special lgoyoty have generated boom of creation so-called “development zones”. On danyonym statisticans, by present time in China was more than 10 thousand zones of development from state to volostno-poselkovogo level. And in these zones the diversified privileges are used. In the absence of a coherent plan disorder creation of zones of development does not favour to national economy development in tseyolom.

Secondly, directions of foreign investments not sootvetstyovujut long-term orientation of territorial placing of production in China. From “development Substantive provisions proizyovodstva in 90th years of the Peoples Republic of China" follows, that east and southern areas of the country are focused on production on the basis of high technology and a high added value; the central and western areas of the country — on power, raw and capital-intensive proizvodstyovo. But in practice because of overwork aspiration to involve inoyostrannye investments production of zones did not develop on namechenyonym to directions. The general feature of southeast open zones still is that. That in them developed mainly labour-consuming, raw eksportoorientirovannoe production, and tjazhslaja a chemical, thin manufacturing industry and
Production of the complex equipment have not received due development. In the central and western areas the big difficulties in the field of attraction of investments are felt. Investments nayopravljalis mainly in average and small productions.

Thirdly, there is a contradiction between open zones and other areas. SpEZ and zones of development of China as already izvestyono, basically are concentrated in a southeast seaside belt of the country. Thanks to concessionary terms volume and rates of increase of production and profit of the enterprises “three capitals” in these zones above, than in other areas of the country. Practice has shown, that tactics choice “development of southeast seaside areas as the beginning of process of creation SEZ” is correct. But gradually steels projavljatyosja some contradictions. On the one hand, in comparison with delyotoj the rivers Jantszy and CHzhutszjan the level of development of productive forces southeast seaside areas is lower. In them the base of scientific and technical preparation of staff is weak. The central area of a seaside belt on scale is small, open zones of this belt are difficult for creating near to the centre strong economic izlucheyonija. Thereby there was a contradiction between southern and northern open zones. On the other hand, stimulating effect of development of southeast seaside areas on regulation of structure of production and placing of productive forces of all country is limited, and the management central and zayopadnyh country areas considers, that fast development jugo - east areas at the expense of geographical and preferential preyoimushchestv nanosecond is their merit.

Thus, has developed proyotivorechie between the east and the country West.

Struggle for financial assets, energetiyocheskie both material resources and talents between zones of development and the next areas has besides, begun.

In the field of production development there are following basic problems.

First, there is no general principle of development of production, i.e. There are no positions about that, development of what branch should stimuliyorovatsja, it is necessary to limit what production, is absent shkayola priorities of development of branch structure. It not blagoprijatyostvuet koordinirovannomu to development of branches of production in zoyonah. Though in some zones also there are plans for development proizvodstyova, but them “the basic links” are not designated, and their contents not otyorazhaet specificity of region. On statistical data, in zones osyovoenija 14 open seaside cities owing to unsuccessful planning the branch structure is identical, and specific weight of mechanical engineering and the textile industry in the general production comes out on top in 9 zones of development. In result, in the field of development of production of zones of development vostochyonyh seaside areas there is no uniform developed industrial specialisation.

Secondly, structural reorganisation and production escalation encounter serious difficulties. In conditions neuporjadochennoyogo creations of zones of development the effect of "radiation" of impulses of development of production on production of the next areas is not felt. NaYOprimer. In a zone of development of the high new technology created in a main city of one of provinces of the West of China, the majority noyovyh the enterprises has appeared commercial firms which not zayonimajutsja production and execute only functions of agents - of intermediaries. Besides, the enterprises in zones of production on the basis of high new technology have started to form with big opozdaniyoem. Their scales are still small, furthermore they "do not get" in dostayotochnom quantity into traditional productions. Reorganisation and production escalation are natural process razviyo
tija zones. If they are badly realised, these zones start to lose vital force.

Thirdly, the branch structure of branches of a manufacturing industry of various zones is almost identical. It can sozyodat difficulty in their provision of energy and raw materials, to lead to economically unjustified investment of means in development of one-profile productions, to infringe national narodyonohozjajstvennye proportions.

Fourthly, in many zones the internal structure proizvodyostva is irrational. In particular, in the first sector selskohozjajstyovennye fresh products cannot cover requirement mestyonogo the population. Are exported mainly cheap proyodukty, instead of production of the first qualities. In the second sector preoblayodaet production of consumer goods, and volume investitsionyonyh the goods it is insignificant, development of production of necessary completing items is not enough. In the third sector preoblayodajut services of trade, tourism and public catering, and such infrastructural branches, as transport, electric communication, yet otyovechajut to requests of development of economy. Within 10 years a share inyovestitsy in infrastructural branches in the general investments sostavyoljala 7,8 %, and in financial, insurance, information and obrazovayotelnye — only 5.6 %. All it is far from the level reached sredyonerazvitymi by the countries.

At last, v-pjagyh, the organizational structure of production does not meet modern requests. So, for example, in SpEZ SHenYOchzhen among 3 thousand enterprises small enterprises make 97,6 %, their specialisation is washed away, is absent sufficient sotrudyonichestvo with the large and average enterprises. In this zone not poyoluchila necessary development system franchajzinga. In SpEZ SHenchzhen formally there are many corporate giants, io
Actually internal links between their industrial ediniyotsami are weak, degree of specialisation of the last is low. These korpoyoratsii cannot play a role of skeleton in the course of a division of labour and cooperation with averages and small enterprises. All it priyovodit to low economic efficiency of production.

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For successful continuation of reforming and maintenance of high rates of economic growth of the country it is necessary reyoshit named above a problem, to develop rational model of territorial placing SEZ on the basis of available open economic zones, to define scientifically reasonable principles of orientation of production SEZ, to create conditions for more complete realisation SEZ of the advantages.

Territorial placing SEZ in the Peoples Republic of China. Considering world experience of territorial placing SEZ of the different countries and a reality of development of economy of China, we consider, that SEZ should receive a wide circulation in territory of China with allowance for osobennoyostej each geographical belt (east, central and western). Our offers are reduced to the following.

1) East belt (seaside), including provinces Liaoning. Hebei, SHandun, Jiangsu, Chekiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, goyoroda the central submission Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai and Guan - si-chzhuansky AR, are areas where realisation of a policy of an openness has begun. In the course of further creation SEZ in all country this belt will save the leading part.

Now in open zones of east belt funkyotsionirujut three systems: the first system — 5 SpEZ, the second — 14 ZTEO open seaside cities and the third — a new zone osvoeyonija Pudun the cities of Shanghais. Realisation of strategy of development vostochyo
Ache parts of the Peoples Republic of China it will be concentrated in these zones. The model territoyorialnogo placings SEZ of this belt will be that:

— In the north of this belt (including the city of Tianjin, poluostroyova Ljaodun both Shandong and a part of areas of province Hejbej), glavnyyomi “test areas” will be g orod Tianjin and the city of DaYoljan. They are focused on free ports and free trade zones in which primary development will receive eksportoyoorientirovannye the heavy and chemical industry (including heavy engineering, shipbuilding, petrochemical, metalyolurgicheskuju and electronic industry).

— In the centre of this belt (including the city of Shanghai, provinces of Jiangsu and Chekiang) will form the most powerful zone in the Far East — a new zone of development Pudun of the city of Shanghai. In its basis — financing activities, the trade processing promyshyolennost and consultation services;

— In the south of east belt (including provinces Guandu, FutsYOzjan, Hainan and Guansi-Chzhuansky AR) five acting SpEZ buyodut to be transformed in SEZ, acting on different models (see gl. 2, § 1). In these SEZ the enterprises of the electronic, sewing, food, textile industry will be skeleton of production. New productions on base vysoyokoj new technology will simultaneously have.

2) the Central and western belts. The central belt includes provinces Hejluntszjan, Jilin, Shansi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan and AR the Inner Mongolia; the western belt vkljuchayoet provinces of Shaanxi. Gansu, Sichuan. JUannan, Guizhou. TSinYOhaj and Ninsja-Huejsky, Sintszjan-Uigur. Tibetan AR. These two belts — areas concerning backward economic development. Their territory is extensive. Further the potential and prospects of development of economy of China in the big degree will depend from a wasp
voenija resources and development of economy central and western chasyotej the countries. Therefore creation in these two belts SEZ in quality isyopytatelnyh ranges of large-scale development of these rajyoonov has paramount significance.

In the central and western belts vyyobirat the areas possessed along border with frontier provinces, having necessary conditions, preobrazoyovat them in zones of export processing or the free trade zone republics CIS will be which basic partners Russia, Mongolia and a part of the countries of Southern Asia first of all follows. In these zones labour-consuming productions, including textile, food and nekotoyorye raw industries will be a basis; besides, in some central cities of these belts it is possible to create zones of export processing, where an export manufacturing industry baziyoruetsja on new modern technology where should widely priyovlekatsja the foreign capital.

Security resources of various provinces, cities tsenyotralnogo submission and AR neodinakova. It specialisation SEZ speaks rekoyomenduemaja us. Thus, however, in all zoyonah process of development of new production, tehyoniki and technologies should be carried out.

Creation tehniko-vnedrencheskih zones depends from geografiyocheskih conditions a little, therefore they can be created in such cities, oblayodajushchih in research and technical potential, as Sian (procentury of Shaanxi), Wuhan (procentury Hubei), Chengdu (procentury Sichuan). Thus, on the one hand, it is possible to use completely scientific and technical forces of local universities, and with other storoyony, to raise a scientific and technical level of production.

The general principles of orientation of production SEZ. Orientation of production SEZ of China should be conducted according to following principles.

1) Conformity to a direction of development of world production. Development SEZ as "windows" of attraction foreign kapitayola and high technology should be carried out under laws razyovitija world production. In second half XX century for razviyotija world production transition from labour-consuming to capital-intensive, and then to tehnikoemkomu to type is characteristic. This process soyoprovozhdaetsja moving of production traditional industriyoalnyh the countries in new industrial and developing countries. SEZ China should develop in the same direction.

2) Conformity to the state and local plans for development of production. Orientation of production SEZ should answer treyobovanijam “Substantive provisions of development of production of the Peoples Republic of China in 90th" — to stimulate development of such industries, as electrotechnical, chemical, textile and power.

With reference to various zones it is necessary to define not only industrial specialisation of each zone, but also posledovayotelnost developments in it of other branches.

3) Definition of leading production. proizvodstyovami SEZ the leading productions established gosuyodarstvennym or the local plan should be basic. It not only supplies okayozanie with the state of essential support of leading enterprises, but also defines directions of an investment of foreign investments in SEZ. At an initial stage of creation SEZ the difficulties connected in attracting capital, frequently interfere with development of these zones. But as a result of systematic regulation with the course of time production SEZ is normalised. One of criteria of normalisation
— Existence of leading productions which are capable stimuyolirovat development of production of all zone.

4) Aiming at updating and production escalation. Production structure it is necessary to improve constantly with ucheyotom a varying conjuncture of the world market.

Approaches to realisation rational territorial razmeyoshchenija and orientations of production SEZ. In our opinion, at osushchestyovlenii territorial placing and orientation of production SEZ maintenance of legislative, administrative and economic measures is necessary.

Let's consider the summary of each of named above measures.

1) Legislative measures are applied at nation-wide level and represent acceptance of acts, fikyosirujushchih the general economic and legal status SEZ. They carry compulsory and rather stable character and are the basis for realisation of investment decisions SEZ.

Now in available in the Peoples Republic of China legislative and druyogih the normative statements, concerning open zones, still there are no positions about model of geographical distribution of open zones or SEZ, and also questions of orientation of their production are poorly reflected. We consider, that it is necessary to create as early as possible such zakonodayotelnuju base which should include main principles of geographical distribution SEZ, the characteristic preferential sisteyomy, an order of investment and transfer of the capital and profit for grayonitsu. These laws should not contradict the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, and also should meet the requirements of the international rules sozdayonija SEZ.

2) Administrative measures — use imperious polnoyomochy the state for a regulation of system of the organisation and management SEZ. They are realised by acceptance obshegosudarst -
vennymi and provincial (or local) bodies подзакон* nyh certificates. Last should be stable, and at the same time flexible enough.

Administrative management methods SEZ should objazatelyono consider specificity of various models of these complexes.

During realisation of administrative measures on zone placing and orientation of production SEZ it is necessary to pay vniyomanie for following moments: these measures should answer the general principles of creation SEZ; the choice of specialisation of zones should sootyovetstvovat to the state plan of production and consider meyostnye conditions; the selected policy of development of production should save sequence and not vary under influence konjunkyoturnyh fluctuations of investment activity foreign kapiyotala; at the heart of administrative measures should be put deyotalno the developed rules.

3) Economic measures include application of all ekoyonomicheskih levers of tax, credit, tariff character for regulation of placing SEZ and their production. They predyostavljajut itself the concrete form of realisation of the transferred above legislative and administrative measures.

All three groups of measures (legislative, administrative and economic) should be mutually co-ordinated. koordiyonatsiju it is expedient to entrust them special state oryoganu - to the Ministry or the State Committee.

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A source: Go Show-dzhi. FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS the TOOL of MARKET TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC SYSTEM (ON MATERIALS of the Peoples Republic of China). The DISSERTATION on scientific degree competition kavdvdata economic sciences. St.-Petersburg -. 1998

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