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the CONCLUSION 1.

Development of economy of China since time of formation of the Peoples Republic of China (1949) was difficult and inconsistent. It can be divided into 4 basic of a stage: the first — with 1949 for 1957 when basically socialist transformations were finished; the second (1958-1966) — the developed socialist building; the third (May, 1966-1976) — decade of the "cultural revolution", caused a serious damage to economic building; the fourth (since October, 1976 on present time) — a new stage of economic development of the country. During a significant space of time (since 1950th) China carried out planned management economy which has played a positive role concentration of financial and material resources and means on building of objects of nation-wide significance, in rational distribution of resources, change of economic shape of regions, creation of initial base for their industrialisation. However in process of continuous increase in volumes of production and occurrence polistrukturnosti economy all with bolshej evidence began to be shown defects of a planned economy. Sharp necessity of market reform, transformation of is administrative-distributive economy has ripened. 2. The market transformations of economy which are carried out in the different countries though have the general orientation, are conducted on the basis of different theoretical and ideological concepts with allowance for social and economic conditions of each state. There were two approaches to market transformation of economy: radical and gradual. According to the first approach, the state first of all should accept variety of laws. Then, according to these laws, one - temporary transition to new system of the whole is carried out is glad national economy spheres, liberalisation of the prices and privatisation of the property is conducted and completely the foreign market opens. This approach has received the "shock therapy" name (tactics of reform in a number of countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS). According to the second approach, the state first of all should develop the basic concept of an economic reform, then start to carry out transformations to separate spheres where its advancement will encounter smaller difficulties. After this changes are conducted by a principle «from small scale to large» and «from below upwards» with allowance for really developed economic situation. Tactics of the reforms which are conducted in the Peoples Republic of China is such. Practice has shown, that though some of the countries in which "shock therapy" tactics is conducted, have achieved certain achievements, application of this tactics inevitably results, especially at an initial stage, to significant falling of volume of production, a going up with a jump of prices of goods and appreciable increase in unemployment. In some countries the economy still did not leave a crisis condition. For this reason now many foreign experts prefer the Chinese model of gradual market transformation of economy. It not only confirms successes of the Chinese reform, but also testifies to great value of its experience for the theory and transition practice to market economy. 3. Reform of economic system of the Peoples Republic of China, since 1978 on present time, has passed three periods. The main emphasis in the first period (December 1978 — September, 1984) fell to village where various forms of the family (household) contract have been introduced, is admitted existence of various patterns of ownership and labour hiring, essentially new type volostno-poselkovyh the enterprises is created, taxation and pricing spheres are liberalised, investments into an agricultural production — mainly at the expense of own sources of incomes of peasants are increased.
The open external economic policy has simultaneously been proclaimed. In cities have started experiments on expansion of the rights of the enterprises, creation of special economic zones has begun. In the beginning of the second period (October 1985 — December, 1991) the decision on carrying over of the centre of gravity of reform of economic system from village in a city was accepted. The basic attention has been given reorganisation of an economic mechanism and revival of activity of the urban enterprises. «The theory of socialist planned commodity economy» has been developed. The basic organizational-economic principle of management has been formulated by a national economy as follows: «the State regulates the market, the market directs the enterprise». A number of measures on creation of system of the markets and reforming of management methods by economy at macrolevel has been undertaken. Some more zones have been in addition declared opened to an external world. The third period (since 1992 on present time) is characterised by transition from "breaks" in separate links of old economic system to creation of the new mechanism; from updating of separate political installations — to updating of all standard system; from reform in separate areas — to the complex, interconnected transformations. The reform main objective — creation of system of socialist market economy has been formulated. 4. Result of reforming is fast growth of economy of China. Within considered 18 years the cumulative economic potential increased, level national bla - gosostojanija raised, the Chinese economy was lifted on a new step, in the country there was a system of a comprehensive openness to an external world. In 1995 in the Peoples Republic of China the gross internal product (gross national product) has made 5826,1 billion yuans and has increased in comparison with 1978 in comparable prices in 5 times, the mid-annual rate of increase was equal 10,5 %. Especially high rates of increase of gross national product have been noted in 1992 (14,2 %) and 1993 (13,5 %) Srednedushevoj gross national product in 1995 has made 4855 yuans, it has increased in comparison with 1978 in comparable prices in 3,9 times, mid-annual rate of its gain has made 8 %. In 1979-1995 the mid-annual rate of increase of a gross agricultural product was equaled 6,7 % (in 1949-1978 — 2,6 %), a gross industrial product — 20 %. On gross national product volume in 1993 China has taken 7 place in the world. The foreign trade dependence of economy (degree of an openness to an external world — a percentage parity of volumes of foreign trade in gross national product or GNP) the Peoples Republic of China has increased about 9 5 % in 1978 to 40,26 % in 1995 On volume of the involved direct foreign investments China in 1993 left on the general second place in the world. 5. Generalisation of experience of the Chinese reform of economic system allows to draw a conclusion, that its good luck in the big degree is defined by realisation of the Chinese "gradual" model of reforming. The important line of this tactics is that each direction of reforms first of all passed experimental check in separate areas. And only after experience of these areas is generalised, it starts to extend on all country. It helps to avoid many deadlocks and errors, to reduce quantity of failures, to achieve support of reforms from the population and to supply their success. The organisation in the country SEZ as proving grounds, pioneers of reforming and "windows" of an openness of the Peoples Republic of China to an external world becomes the major link of realisation of this tactics. In the dissertation the basic directions of the further reform of economy on a near-term outlook are considered. Within 1990 in the Peoples Republic of China creation in initial contours of new economic system and, on this basis is planned, will be created rather finished systems of socialist market economy. 6. Recently for the decision of concrete priority economic problems, realisation of strategic programs and projects — the accelerated creation of a transport infrastructure, expansion of export, attraction of foreign investments and so forth — many countries (both developed, and developing) have started to create free economic zones (SEZ). SEZ is a part of territory of the country on which the goods are considered as the objects which are outside of national customs territory (a principle «customs eksterritorialnosti») and the special system of privileges and the stimulus, directed on activization of the external economic and innovative activity is used. Now there is no standard typology of various kinds SEZ. The author uses in work their classification by methods of the organisation (territorial and functional) and to signs of economic specialisation. According to the territorial approach to the organisation of bonded areas the zone is considered as the isolated territory where all enterprises-residents use a preferential mode of economic activities. According to the functional approach to the organisation of bonded areas, the zone is the preferential mode applied to a certain kind of enterprise activity irrespective of a site of corresponding firm in the country. According to economic specialisation five basic groups SEZ are allocated: 1) free trade zones include free customs areas, free ports, transit zones and duty free zones; 2) zones of industrial processing include import, importozameshchajushchie, is export-importozameshchajushchie also export zones; 3) to tehniko-vnedrencheskim to zones scientific and technical zones, technopolises and technoparks concern; 4) service zones are zones of bank and insurance services, offshore and recreational zones; 5) free enterprise zones concern complex zones (the Western Europe, Canada), special economic zones (China), territories of a special mode (Brazil, Argentina) and special economic zones (Russia). The carried out analysis of theoretical concepts and practical experience allows to draw a conclusion, that in process SEZ of their function gradually vary, and models are continuously improved. Free ports are pervoobraz free trade zones, a zone of export industrial processing — the developed form of free trade zones. In process of industrial escalation of zones of export industrial processing there was higher model SEZ — tehniko-vnedrencheskie zones. In bonded areas five basic groups of privileges are usually used: privileges on maintenance of economic safety, fiscal privileges, financially-credit privileges, privileges in the field of maintenance of utilities and administrative privileges. These privileges can be applied in the most various combinations, to each type of zones there corresponds the standard set of base privileges and stimulus which are supplemented with special forms of encouragement. All system of represented privileges should serve as the tool of realisation of available comparative advantages of the given territory. At present scales of distribution SEZ such factors, as political stability, investment warranties, quality of an infrastructure, qualification of a labour, simplification of administrative procedures, and also reception possibility in home market concerning low-interest credits can appear more essential stimulus for inflow to a zone of foreign investments. At the same time all named advantages "work" only in a combination with base preferentsijami, predetermining typical specificity of the given zone. 7. Since 1980 in the Peoples Republic of China creation SEZ of various kinds — special economic zones (SpEZ), zones tehniko-ekonomichesko - go development (ZTEO), zones of development of high new technology, duty free zones and open frontier zones has begun. Most typical of them are five SpEZ (SHenchzhen, CHzhuhaj, Shantou, Sjamen and Hainan), chosen proceeding from such advantage factors, as affinity to marine trading ways and availability of traditional economic relations with foreign communities of the Chinese emigrants. SpEZ are specially allocated areas of China in which diverse forms of the external economic cooperation develop and the mode for the appendix of foreign investments is supplied especially preferential, in comparison with other parts of the country. They represent one of versions of bonded areas of complex type. Five SpEZ the Peoples Republics of China are under jurisdiction of the government of the country, but have a special control system and conduct special economic policy. Economy development in SpEZ depends mainly on attraction and use of the foreign capital. Their activity is regulated mainly by market laws. It does not establish a fixed plan, they dispose of the finance independently, many kinds of the taxation also proizvo - djatsja at local level. The state has granted SpEZ the right of independent management of economy. Status SpEZ the Peoples Republics of China differ as from spetszon export industrial processing of some countries, and from special administrative areas (SAR) Siangan (Hong Kong; on July, 1st, 1997 has been returned the Peoples Republic of China) and Aomenja (Macao; on December, 20th, 1999 it will be returned the Peoples Republic of China). The Peoples Republics of China concern specific features SpEZ: — Area SpEZ is great (only 34821,1 sq. km), in them is more than inhabitants (all 14,1 million people), the production structure is diverse, receive development the first, second and third sectors of economy, is wide sphere of investments for foreign investors; — SpEZ execute the big circle of functions: they are not only base and "windows" of an openness of the Peoples Republic of China to an external world, but mainly proving grounds of market transformations of economy of all country; — Except for SpEZ SHenchzhen, the others SpEZ are not separated from other areas of the country, their economic ties with these areas are rather close. 8. In research the review of some acts of the Peoples Republic of China, the concerning various parties of economic activities SpEZ is conducted. These certificates defined the preferential system SpEz including customs, tax, administrative, financially-credit privileges and privileges in areas of land tenure, a ploughing-back, economic safety. In interests of creation in SpEZ especially attractive conditions to foreign investment China tries to "squeeze out" all possible both from planned, and from market sectors of the transitive economic system. Such economic strategy has yielded tangible results. First, in five SpEZ create a favorable investment climate. Till the end of 1994 the direct foreign investments involved in them have reached 18,1 bln. dollars (18,91 % of a total sum on the country). Secondly, in five SpEZ high rates the industry developed. For 1981-1994 the mid-annual rate of increase of a gross industrial product made 30 %, the mid-annual gain of volume of gross national product was more than twice above, than on the country as a whole. Thirdly, in five SpEZ the system of economy of open type was formed. They have high degree of an openness to an external world. The foreign trade dependence of their economy in 1995 has made 270 %, that above this indicator on the country as a whole in 6.7 times. Fourthly, in five SpEZ the production structure has improved. It has reached level srednerazvitoj the countries. And, fifthly, in five SpEZ the basis of system of socialist market economy was generated. Influence SpEZ on economy of China is difficult for overestimating. Activity SpEZ promoted liberation of consciousness of people, reorientation of work of the state bodies to use of economic management methods. Executing a role of proving grounds of economic transformations and "windows" in world around, they promoted deepening of transformations of all economic system of China, the accelerated development of economy of internal areas of the country, preparation of the big group of experts in the field of management of economic building. 9. The objective analysis of tendencies of development of economic and economy of the Peoples Republic of China has shown, that five available SpEZ and to that of similar zones of China should give way modern SEZ, funktsio - nirujushchim according to the existing world standards. The major difference acting SpEZ and other open zones of China from original SEZ the world consists that in the Chinese open zones the goods are not considered yet as the objects which are outside of national customs territory. The controlling mechanism acting at the enterprises of open zones of the Peoples Republic of China, is till now mainly administratively - command, still subordinated opened or latent to state interference. It concerns even enterprises «three capitals». The model of management of economy of available open zones of the Peoples Republic of China is close to traditional model of management in the conditions of an old economic mechanism. It does not favour to the accelerated development of zones in system of development of the commodity and monetary markets. In modern (original) SEZ easily there is a system of modern business and a condition for complex development of market economy, and also necessary functions of the government in the conditions of market economy are organically formed. Original SEZ represent the maximum form of proving grounds of market transformations, their creation will promote realisation of comprehensive profound reforming and formation of complete system of socialist market economy in the Peoples Republic of China. The general principles of creation in the Peoples Republic of China original SEZ should be orientation to the world market; use as initial base of already available open zones; attraction of the foreign capital, the high new foreign engineering, technology, talents and the management best practices; steady continuation re - forms for the purpose of the further economic growth and scientific and technical progress of the country; complete use of the comparative advantages and active development of customs free operations, foreign trade, production of export processing and production on the basis of high new technology, the obligatory account of realities of China. Created in China SEZ should be territorially limited, save the state sovereignty, have socialist character and reflect the Chinese specificity. 10. Research of problems of development available Chinese SEZ gives the chance to draw a conclusion, that their quantity should grow, and models and forms of their development and territorial placing — to vary. In the dissertation the following measures directed on the decision of these problems are offered. First, it is necessary to transform SpEZ SHenchzhen, Shantou, CHzhuhaj and Hainan into zones of export industrial processing of complex type which correspond to modern model SEZ more. Secondly, it is necessary to transform SpEZ Sjamen and a part of duty free zones available in the Peoples Republic of China to free ports. Thirdly, it is expedient to create on the basis of zones tehniko-ekonomi - cheskogo development and zones of development of high new technology tehniko-vnedrencheskie zones. Fourthly, it is necessary to extend principles of functioning of original modern duty free zones to other part of duty free zones. And, at last, fifthly, it is very important to create SEZ in other areas of the country having suitable conditions and prospects of development. 11. Transition available Chinese SEZ to the world standard requires radical reorganisation of their economic mechanism. It is necessary to carry out concrete measures on overcoming of defects of system of privileges and stimulus acting SEZ China. Them concern: — Perfection of available preferential system and, in particular, complete failure of the usual customs control and the taxation of the goods; — Unification of specifications of represented privileges and prohibition of realisation outside of SEZ the preferential policy used in SEZ; — Strengthening of regulating effect of a preferential policy on production structure; — Drawing of the preferential policy used in SEZ of other countries. At the decision of questions of territorial placing and orientation of production created in Peoples Republic of China SEZ it is necessary to be guided by the following. SEZ should receive a wide circulation in all territory of the Peoples Republic of China with allowance for social and economic conditions of each geographical belt (east, central and western). The general principles of orientation of production should become conformity to the general direction of development of world production, to the state and local plans for development of production and aiming at updating and production escalation. At realisation of territorial placing and orientation of production SEZ use of some legislative, administrative and economic measures is necessary. All three groups of measures should be mutually co-ordinated. It is expedient to entrust their coordination with special state body — to the Ministry or the State Committee. 12. Process of creation SEZ in Russia only has begun (since 1988). Now them is 18. Results of their functioning show, that for essential increase of their role in business of development of market economy of Russia formation of the effective special legislation, studying and use of foreign experience and, in particular, experience of the Peoples Republic of China is necessary.
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A source: Go Show-dzhi. FREE ECONOMIC ZONES AS the TOOL of MARKET TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC SYSTEM. ISSERTATSIJA on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. St.-Petersburg.

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