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§1. In search of settlement (1975 - 2000)

Events of 1974, having shown one of the most drama pages in history of Cyprus, simultaneously stabilised conditions on island, geographically having separated communities and not supposing more their direct collision.
As a result in the north and the south of Cyprus two began to develop independent from each other administrative and economic systems; thus the government of Greeks - of Cypriotes has reserved the international recognition as the Republic Cyprus government. The impossibility of a power revenge in view of the Turkish superiority has led to that, as in the foreign policy plan conditions round Cyprus, in comparison with the period 1960-1974, became quieter and predicted. In January, 1975 intercommunal contacts on settlement subjects have cautiously renewed. Greeks-Cypriotes taking into account new realities began to tend to a recognition of the possible federal device of Cyprus at the strong central government. Turks-Cypriotes, insisting on end of an exchange by the population, demanded formation of friable federation as a part of two subjects equal in rights. «The Turkish federative state of Cyprus» should become one of them, proclaimed on February, 13th, 1975 in the north острова.230 This unilateral certificate has received condemnation SB the United Nations, which in the resolution 367 (12.03.1975) has charged to the Secretary general of the United Nations to renew mission «Kind services» also has urged communities to continue диалог.231 /j Intercommunal Viennese negotiations have passed in five rounds from April, 1975 till February, 1976 Security council (rez. 370 from 13.06.1975) and Genassambleja the United Nations (rez. 3395/HHH from 20.11.1975) welcomed begun диалог.232 In May, 1975 in Rome and Bruxelles there have passed meetings minindel and prime ministers of Greece and Turkey on whom support переговорам.233 In December, 1975 Ankara also has been expressed has suggested to translate in case of need contacts across Cyprus in a quadrilateral format (the Cyprian communities, Greece, Turkey). Dialogue went very difficultly. Turks-Cypriotes insisted on creation of the two-zone state with equal representation of communities in the central government invested by insignificant powers. Greeks-Cypriotes, demanding a conclusion of Turkish armies and return of refugees, achieved a recognition of indivisibility of Cyprus and agreed on federation establishment, but with the strong centre. Thus possibility of two-zone model was supposed by them in exchange for reduction of territory of the turko-Cyprian subject to 20 % of territory of island. Despite fluctuations, Greeks-Cypriotes have agreed on definitive end of an exchange by the population (summer of 1975). In March-April, 1976 following the results of community negotiations have presented to the United Nations the positions. In view of them L Contrasts a new round of negotiations have been excellent. Ineffectual there was and organised by the Secretary general of the United Nations K.Valdhajmom a new meeting of representatives of communities in September, 1976 Active intermediary of the United Nations, nevertheless, proceeded, and in January - February, 1977 in Nicosia there have passed contacts between leaders of communities.'makarios and with R.Denktash have confirmed a divergence of positions, but have thus managed to co-ordinate base parametres of forthcoming settlement: (1) Cyprus as the independent not joined intercommunal federation; (2) territorial delimitation taking into account economic viability of subjects and landed property structure; (3) freedom of movement, settlements and possession of the property in subjects on principles dvuhzonalyjusti, taking into consideration obespokoeshjusti turko - the Cyprian party; (4) account of intercommunal character of the state at definition of powers of the central government and maintenance of state unity Кипра.234 Having planned in the general view contours of model of settlement, these arrangements have shown the first case after the tsjurihsko-London agreements of the significant intercommunal compromise and have defined frameworks in which limits communities should co-ordinate specific proposals on situation normalisation on Cyprus.
Attempt of transfer of arrangements in a practical plane (in April - June, 1977 in Geneva and Nicosia), however, has not brought negotiations успеха.235Негативно on the further development of dialogue sudden death Makariosa (3.08.1977) has affected also . In January, 1978 the Secretary general of the United Nations K.Valdhajm has spent new contacts in Ankara, Nicosia and Athenes. On April, 13th, 1978 Turks-Cypriotes have transferred it a package of proposals on settlement on the basis of the two-communal federation consisting from two equal in rights monoethnic geographically separated from each other субъектов.236 It was supposed also small - less than on 5 % - reduction of territory under control to Turks-Cypriotes in favour of the Greek-Cyprian subject. Return of the Greek-Cyprian refugees to the area Varoshi, left by Greeks-Cypriotes, but not occupied with Turkish armies was resolved, at restriction of their rights by laws of the turko-Cyprian subject. These offers have been rejected by the new president of Cyprus S.Kiprianu though it and has expressed readiness, in case of the beginning of returning of refugees in Varoshu, to renew dialogue (July, 1978). In November, 1978 of the USA, the Great Britain and Canada have presented to the Secretary general of the United Nations and to communities the «the frame project».237 In it was a question of creation of federation from two subjects who, however, would not be completely monoetnichny. Their equality at the Greek-Cyprian superiority in strength were counterbalanced by creation of a parliament of two houses in which upper chamber the representation of communities would be equal, and in bottom corresponded to their shares in a population. Territorial concessions to Greeks-Cypriotes with the account, besides «principles of 1977» were outlined De facto population parities. The conclusion of foreign armies from Cyprus and the beginning under the aegis of the United Nations of return of refugees in Varoshu was assumed. «Project AVS», creatively, it is necessary to recognise this, combining approaches of the parties, however, has been rejected by communities, each of which believed, that it poorly considers its positions. It is important to notice, however, that its main ideas of a steel then stable elements of new initiatives on settlement searches. In 1979 the Secretary general of the United Nations K.Valdhajm has continued the intermediary efforts, and on May, 18-19th on Cyprus under its aegis S.Kiprianu and R.Denktasha's meeting has taken place. Development «Agreements from ten points» 238 about renewal of negotiations on all territorial / to the constitutional aspects of settlement and about principles of intercommunal dialogue as a whole became result. « The agreement »provided negotiating without delays and in the spirit of good will, on the basis of arrangements of 1977 and United Nations resolutions, at respect of the rights and freedom of all Cypriotes. The parties agreed to abstain from the actions, capable to threaten a course of negotiations, and agreed to pay priority attention to problem Varoshi which decision did not co-ordinate with other questions. It was noticed, that forthcoming settlement should provide demilitarisation of Cyprus, guarantee its independence, the sovereignty, a policy of non-alignment and territorial integrity, having excluded section or association (entirely or parts) with any other state. Despite the importance of agreements for an intercommunal climate and for specification of principles of settlement, they, in general, did not concern an essence of disagreements of the parties and were differently interpreted by the communities, aspiring to provide the basic interests. For Greeks-Cypriotes after those 1974 there was a maintenance of a conclusion from island of Turkish armies, return of refugees, restoration of real unity of the state (federation with the capable centre), "fair" 239 distribution of powers between communities, and also fastening of "three freedom» - the rights of citizens of Cyprus to residing, possession of the property and moving (without diskriminatsy and restrictions) on all territory of the state. Taking into account a parity of forces unique possibility for advancement of the positions they saw in the further internationalisation of the Cyprian problem - in the United Nations, Movement of Non-alignment and others организациях.2 In reply to activity of Greeks-Cypriotes on this direction Turks - Cypriotes began to run business to declaration of independence of the administrative formation and maintenance then its international recognition. Thus their basic interest provided garantirovannost for itself safety and full equality conditions of "two people» on Cyprus. For this purpose they demanded fastening of presence of Turkish armies on island and creations of friable two-communal federation of monoethnic subjects equal in rights which would be geographically divided and possessed practically full sovereignty in regulation of all internal and the majority of external questions. A freedom of movement and the property rights of representatives of other community to territories of the subject would be strictly limited. The purposes a Turk - of Cypriotes, thus, were answered with fastening of the status quo which have developed after 1974, with a minimum of territorial motions. Collision of the basic interests of communities at absence of "a painful stalemate» allowed them to conduct long item struggle. Thanks to efforts of intermediaries, the summer of 1980 possible to achieve renewal of negotiations. From August, 1980 till April, 1983 251 meeting of representatives of Greeks - and Turks-Cypriotes has taken place, and also a number of contacts of the Secretary general of the United Nations (in the beginning of 1982 this post has occupied P de Kueljar) with leaders общии.240 the Parties continued to insist on the positions, and dialogue proceeded only because nobody wished to incur responsibility for its failure. Ideas of the Secretary general of the United Nations (November, 1981), providing a parity of communities 4:2 in the central government and restriction of the turko-Cyprian subject of 30 % of territory of island at creation of separate "federal" area, have not received development. Since 1981, after internal political changes in Ankara and Athenes (a military coup d'etat in Turkey, a victory on elections in Greece Vsegrechesky socialist movement - PASOK), influence of "related powers» on a situation on Cyprus became, in comparison with 1975-80, more appreciable. New Greek prime minister A.Papandreu started with special responsibility of Greece for «destiny ellinizma» and saw an essence of the Cyprian problem in Turkish occupation of a part of island; therefore, in its opinion, intercommunal dialogue had no special sense. It did not look as return to «the doctrine of the national centre», but was the demand for an additional role in development of a uniform line with Nicosia in the Cyprian question. On March, 1st, 1982 A.Papandreu has visited Cyprus. On May, 20th, 1982 Turkish prime minister B.Ulusu has arrived to the answer on the island north. In the international plan to the beginning of 80th the subsystem of the relations which have developed round the Cyprian conflict, has managed completely to adapt the powerful impulse of the indignation which have arrived in it in the form of revolution on Cyprus AND In the summer of 1974 and the followed Turkish intrusion. Embargo on delivery of the American weapon to Turkey at first have been softened, and then removed by the Congress in 1978 Having given poulechsja to passions, the USA have restored normal relations with K.Karamanlisa's Greek government (1974 - 81). Supporting balance maintenance in Aegean sea, Washington has gone on a parity establishment 7:10 at distribution of the military help between Athenes and Ankara. In the letter minindel to Greece D.Bitsiosu G.Kissindzher specified (April, 1976) That the USA "will counteract attempts of any of the parties to solve questions with application of military force".241 In 1980 Greece has come back in military structure of NATO. In March, 1980 of the USA have signed the new agreement on defensive and economic cooperation with Ankara, and in July, 1983 - with Афинами.242 Attention to Cyprus, including through influence on U.N. initiatives on settlement, allowed the USA to influence all complex of relations in region, and later - and on communications of Greece, Turkey and Cyprus with European integration mehaizmami. Input of the Soviet armies to Afghanistan and an aggravation of "cold war" in first half 80th has impaired a little relations of Moscow with Turkey, 243 despite continuation trading связей.244 Moscow, however, kept, including through AKEL, considerable influence on a situation round Cyprus. The USSR still supported «viable settlement» by means of carrying out of intercommunal negotiations and «representative international conference), with the account of" legitimate interests of both communities », without foreign military or other intervention, at preservation of independence and a neutrality of uniform Cyprus and a conclusion from island of all foreign armies and баз.245 In the summer of 1983 the Secretary general of United Nations P de Kueljar, aspiring to revival of intercommunal dialogue, has spent new separate contacts to leaders of communities and has offered contours of two models of possible settlement. They provided territorial delimitation between communities in proportions 77:23 (the first model) and 70:30 (second) and a parity of Greeks - and Turks-Cypriotes in bodies of the central power 60:40 (first) or 70:30 (second). Thus communities - the first model - elected separately the president (Greek-Cypriote) and the vice-president (Turk-Cypriote); the second model provided alternation of these elected representatives on posts of the president and the prime minister. The parliament was projected two-chamber with equal representation of Greeks - and a Turk - of Cypriotes in the upper chamber (both models) and the parity precisely reflecting shares of communities in the population (the first model), or in a proportion 70:30 (second). In case of acceptance of "models" the Secretary general intended to pass to other aspects. Greeks-Cypriotes, taking into account a position of Athenes, fluctuated, however as a result have agreed to assume these offers as a basis for negotiations (September, 1983). Turks-Cypriotes, aspiring to strengthen the trunk-call position, have proclaimed in November, 1983 independence of "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus».246 As a result of condemnation of this action all over the world Ankara and "TRSK", however, have appeared in the isolation the international economic blockade "TRSK" became which consequence de facto. S.Kiprianu's recognition as lawful president of Cyprus only was strengthened. At the same time in the practical plan to compel R.Denktasha to withdraw at once declaration of independence "TRSK" it has appeared impossible. In long-term aspect the step of Turks-Cypriotes answered their purposes on fastening of the status quo and maintenance of "equality" with Greeks-Cypriotes. Aspiring to use amplified international isolation of Ankara and R.Denktasha, Greeks-Cypriotes in January, 1984 have suggested to renew intercommunal negotiations (at a response of "the declaration of independence TRSK») and have presented to the Secretary general of the United Nations the подходы.247 They assumed demilitarisation at preservation on island of peace-making forces from «the untied states with Cyprus» and the conclusion of the new contract on guarantees of independence and territorial integrity of federation on Cyprus. Thus guarantors could operate only in common and without force use. The territory turko - the Cyprian subject was reduced to 23-25 %. In the central government which powers would extend on foreign policy, safety of the state and maintenance of "three freedom», the parity of ministers would be 7:3; Thus the president (Greek-Cypriote) and the vice-president of Cyprus (Turk-Cypriote) were selected separately. The structure of parliament and a parity of communities in state bodies were not defined precisely, but the principle of their approach to a real parity of the population was declared. R.Denktash has rejected these offers. Nevertheless, P de Kueljaru after active efforts and with assistance of Athenes, Ankara (Turkey aspired to soften recognition consequences "TRSK") and Washington, it was possible to achieve S.Kiprianu and R.Denktasha's consent to renew dialogue in September, 1984 Simultaneously Secretary general of the United Nations has presented in a kind of "working points» the offers to negotiations. They provided renewal of work of the international airport in Nicosia, return of refugees in Varoshu, creation of the transitive intercommunal government, and also declared demilitarisation of Cyprus, territorial concessions to Greeks - to Cypriotes and to a guarantee of "three freedom». Offers did not go deep into the constitutional aspects, but, in particular, contained borrowed of «project ABS» the offer on a parliament of two houses (with a proportion 70:30 in favour of Greeks-Cypriotes in the lower chamber). On passed in a mode проксимстыюсти1 negotiations (September - December, 1984) Progress was outlined. The turko-Cyprian subject of federation to 29 % of territory of island was ready to agree to "press down" R.Denktash and to accept a parliament of two houses as offered P de Kueljarom at preservation of the tsjurihsko-London model for posts and powers of the president and vitse - the president. The scheme appeared, at which for government decision-making (7 Greeks - and 3 Turks-Cypriotes) the voice at least one of the turko-Cyprian ministers was required. Powers of the federal centre extended, besides foreign policy and defence, on safety and economy spheres, including tourism. Subjects, however, under the insisting of Turks-Cypriotes, kept prerogatives in the relation of "three freedom» in the territory. Return of all refugees (except as on territories transferred to Greeks-Cypriotes) it was not provided. Unresolved there were questions on a conclusion of Turkish armies and guarantees of the new status quo: Turks-Cypriotes insisted on «the special rights» Ankara. As a result S.Kiprianu and R.Denktasha's total meeting has ended on January, 17-20th, 1985 with a failure: to settle disagreements and it was not possible. In April, 1985 P de Kueljar has presented new offers for renewal диалога.248 They have been displaced, more likely, to positions of Greeks-Cypriotes (restriction of the turko-Cyprian subject of 20 % of territory of island, scheduling of a conclusion of Turkish armies before formation of the uniform government of Cyprus, new system of the international guarantees of the status of island) and have appeared are rejected by R.Denktashem. Have not given results and contacts P de Kueljara from R.Denktashem in September, 1985 in New York. On March, 29th, 1986 P de Kueljar has transferred to the parties the new project of principles урегулирования.249 It provided preservation for Turks-Cypriotes of 29 % («or hardly more») island territories at their strengthened representation in authorities of federation and the veto of the vice-president, and did not contain guarantees of "three freedom». Subjects of federation had an opportunity the conclusions of the international contracts. The conclusion of Turkish armies was offered to be carried out in parallel with development of internal structure of the new state. The project has been assumed by R.Denktashem as a basis for negotiations, but has caused reserved reaction of Greeks-Cypriotes. Not giving the certain answer, Nicosia has suggested to call the international conference on Cyprus (the idea of the USSR again sounded by Moscow on January, 21st, 1986) . At the same time in a format of intercommunal dialogue Greeks - Cypriotes have urged to concentrate on discussion of such questions, as a conclusion of Turkish armies and immigrants (some tens thousand citizens of Turkey have moved to Cyprus after 1974 at encouragement of Ankara), the international guarantees of the new state and maintenance of "three freedom». These counter ideas have not received approval of Turks-Cypriotes, and negotiating process has stopped. Despite efforts P de Kueljara to recover it in 1987 it was not possible. Softening of a climate of relations of Greece and Turkey («spirit of Davos», 250 first half of 1988) also has not deduced intercommunal dialogue from deadlock. Greeks-Cypriotes, continuing a course on internationalisation of the Cyprian problem, have declared in the late eighties that inclusions of the Cyprian problem in the agenda of meetings of leaders of the USSR and the USA would like. At the same time disinterest of the USA to suppose Moscow to discussion of the problem which were considered in the West as "internal" business, has reduced the reference of superstates to the Cyprian question to declaring of intentions to promote a conclusion of a situation from deadlock. Immersing of Soviet Union in internal problems has led to a withdrawal of the Cyprian question, as well as many other things the international themes, on periphery of its interests. Separatism strengthening - under slogans of "national self-determination» - in territory of the USSR indirectly strengthened R.Denktasha's separative position. At the same time Washington has been so occupied by strengthening of global opposition from the USSR in first half 80th And then the accelerated development of relations with it in "reorganisation", that Cyprus was not in the first row priorities American политики.251 On February, 21st, 1988 on presidential elections on Cyprus the victory was gained by G.Vasiliu - the supporter, in the general opinion, more flexible line concerning Turks-Cypriotes, than S.Kiprianu. It has expressed at once readiness to renew intercommunal dialogue and has suggested Ankara to carry on negotiations for a withdrawal of troops and Turkish poselentsev. Turkey, however, has rejected this offer. On May, 20th, 1988 P de Kueljar again has called leaders of communities for dialogue on the basis of arrangements 1977 and 1979 the parties have answered This time with the consent, but negotiations (September, 1988 - August, 1989), despite connection of the Secretary general, have not given results. The impression, that flexibility was made ? AT Showed G.Vasiliu, and R.Denktash refused to make concessions. The climate at negotiations was complicated by events on July, 19th, 1989 when Greeks-Cypriotes - participants of demonstration against island section - have broken through protections of "a green zone» and have got on territorsho "TRSK". In the summer of 1989 P de Kueljar, aspiring to translate negotiations in a practical phase, again has put forward for discussion a complex of reasons on урегулированию.252 the Document incorporated already put forward ideas and provided creation of the federal two-communal two-zone state in which powers of the federal government extended only on spheres of foreign policy, defence and the finance, and other prerogatives belonged to subjects. The government structure, as well as the parliament lower chamber, was defined in the ratio 70:30 in favour of Greeks-Cypriotes; in the upper chamber, as well as in federal Supreme court, the representation of communities was equal. The president was selected joint voting of all Cypriotes; thus elections of the vice-president were spent in that from the communities which representative would not be selected on the higher post. The president and the vice-president appointed in common ministers and had in some cases the right of the definitive veto to parliament decisions. The freedom of movement (in understanding of "tourist trips») was supposed on all island, at the possible police control of the authorities of the corresponding subject; at the same time settlement and property right freedom were limited to position about preservation of "the obvious majority» representatives in it one of communities. The thesis about «territorial concessions» to Greeks-Cypriotes contained also, which (without instructions of the sizes) would allow to return to the centres bolshej parts of refugees. The purpose of demilitarisation of Cyprus and «modernisation) systems of guarantees of 1959 by means of its reduction in conformity with the United Nations Charter was proclaimed. The presented project has been assumed by Greeks-Cypriotes as a basis negotiations, but R.Denktash (August, 1989), despite the followed wave of the international criticism, 253 has rejected it as unacceptable. New meetings of leaders of communities under the aegis of the Secretary general of the United Nations in February - March, 1990 have ended with anything in view of R.Denktasha.254's position At the same time in 1991 Ankara, whose international role has amplified against crisis in the Gulf, again has suggested to call quadrilateral conference on Cyprus with participation of the Cyprian communities, Greece and Turkey. Being afraid of return to precedents of "the limited internationalisation», Greeks-Cypriotes have rejected this initiative (January, 1992). In the beginning of 1992 the new Secretary general of the United Nations B.Gali had been presented «the Package of ideas» on the settlement which development has begun still P de Kueljar. SB the United Nations (rez. 750 from 10.04.1992) Has accepted the "Package" which has become by most detailed of projects offered before, in quality «a comprehensible basis for achievement of universal frame settlement».255"Package» confirmed settlement on the basis of creation of two-zone two-communal federation of two politically equal communities and excluded both island section, and possibility of its association with other state. Powers of the central government joined foreign policy and trade, defence, coordination of industrial development and tourism, function of the central bank, federal police bodies and judicial authorities, questions of the federal budget, taxes and tax collections, post service and communication, standardization etc. Thus was accepted a proportion 70:30 in favour of Greeks-Cypriotes at personnel acquisition of federal authorities, including the governments, 256 and idea of a parliament of two houses with a parity 70:30 in the lower chamber and 50:50 in the top. The question on elections of the head of the state and its assistant remained on the coordination to communities. As a whole, the federal machinery of state was formed so that to exclude possibility of imposing of decisions of one community another (the veto of the turko-Cyprian vice-president, sphere where parliament decisions were accepted by the majority of voices of deputies of each of communities, etc.). "Package" assumed reduction of territory of the turko-Cyprian subject to 26 % of island; thus area to the Morph and area to the south of Famagusta were told to Greeks-Cypriotes that allowed a considerable part of refugees to return to the centres left in 1974. Possibility Greek - and turko - the Cyprian proprietors of the real estate who has left it in 1963-75 was provided, to return to possession of the rights or to receive indemnification from means specially created, including with the international help, fund. Admitted, that this question was subject to gradual settlement, on a course of payment of indemnifications and real change of a residence by those Cypriotes who will be compelled to make it in connection with new territorial delimitation. Mentions of Turkish immigrants in the plan did not contain. Observance of "three freedom» on the basis of arrangements 1977 and was proclaimed 1979 However realisation property freedom was postponed before the settlement, connected with territorial motions, and given to the discretion of subjects of federation. The freedom of movement («tourist trips») was supposed on all island, at the "not discrimination" police control in the corresponding subject. The contract on guarantees held good; demilitarisation was provided not completely as on island the certain number Greek and Turkish voeggnosluzhashchih remained. The additional fund was created for assistance to economic development of the north of Cyprus. The plan should meet with approval on separate referenda in each of communities that gave the chance to address directly to will of Cypriotes - through uncompromising R.Denktasha's head. «The package of ideas» accumulated in itself variety put forward raggee elements of settlement and was rather balanced document considering interests of both parties. Despite presence of some the painful moments, Greeks-Cypriotes, proceeding, more likely, from tactical reasons, have assumed the project as a basis for dialogue. R.Denktash has from its part rejected B.Gali's some offers (territorial changes, return bezhegshchev, a number of the constitutional formulations).257 As a result the intercommunal negotiations initiated by the Secretary general of the United Nations, have been interrupted in August, 1992 Tactics of Greeks-Cypriotes has led, however, to that SB the United Nations in rez. 789 (25.11.1992) 258призвал Turks-Cypriotes to occupy a constructive position. At the same time discrepancy of the plan of B.Gali to the basic interests of Greeks-kipriotov259 was expressed that G.Kliridis who has replaced in February, 1993 of G.Vasiliu on a post of the president, also has declared unacceptability of "the Package of ideas». After that intermediary tactics has undergone changes: from giving of the USA which were becoming more active after disintegration of the USSR on the Cyprian direction, the Secretary general of the United Nations has offered the parties stage-by-stage realisation of "measures of building of trust». It should withdraw from appeared inefficient "package" approaches and by means of the decision of those or other separate questions to create a favorable climate for an exit on new negotiations on universal settlement. As the first steps Turks-Cypriotes were offered to transfer area Varoshi under the United Nations control, and to Greeks-Cypriotes - to agree on renewal of work of the international airport of Nicosia (it is closed since summer of 1974) in interests of both communities. According to initiators of offers, it would allow to soften economic consequences of isolation "TRSK". During meetings of leaders of communities in May - June, 1993 this new approach has met with reserved approval. In July, 1993 of the United Nations has presented a set of offers on measures of building of trust which, besides questions about Varoshe and airport opening, provided regular meetings of leaders of political parties of both communities, cooperation within the limits of joint projects etc. - only 14 мер.260Переговоры, 1994 proceeding till the summer, began to be at a deadlock again, however. Greeks-Cypriotes were afraid, that airport use will lead to an indirect international recognition "TRSK": creation on the basis of the airport of the turko-Cyprian airline with the right of realisation of flights worldwide, collection in advantage "TRSK" parts of customs and aeroport gathering, passport control of passengers «the boundary authorities so-called TRSK» etc. Coordination of transfer Varoshi the United Nations with the beginning of functioning of the airport in Nicosia, and also refusal of Turks-Cypriotes to demilitarise a zone around and to take away «police TRSK» from the leader in a line city, have made impossible progress on the given direction. The secretary general of the United Nations has made responsible on a Turk-kipriotov.261 Thus, however, as is thought, both parties understood, that "small" concessions in practice have basic character. Greeks-Cypriotes, having managed to shift again fault for failure of the initiative of the United Nations on R.Denktasha, have tactically changed the opponents; in the long-term plan, however, it was clear: flexibility degree as one, and others at negotiations on «trust measures» could not be bolshej, than during "package" dialogue. Attempts to deduce negotiations from the chronic deadlock, undertaken in 1995, also have ended with anything. Thus constant failures of efforts of the United Nations have started to call at a certain stage into question their efficiency basically. And if R.Denktasha arranged "running on the spot" for Greeks-Cypriotes, whose position found support in resolutions SB and United Nations HECTARES, the disappointment was especially strong. Thereupon they, demanding execution of the accepted United Nations of decisions, simultaneously began to search for new ways for strengthening of the positions. One of such possibilities, in their opinion, connection of Cyprus to process of the European integration, and into 1990 Nicosia represented, at support of Athenes, has directed the official demand for membership of Republic Cyprus to EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY. Other parallel direction had been selected strengthening of fighting capacity of the Greek-Cyprian national guards and escalating of military cooperation with Greece. Purchases by Greeks - by Cypriotes of modern systems of arms, including tanks and means of air defence of the Russian manufacture, and also the announcement of the Doctrine about uniform with Greece defensive space (on November, 16th, 1993), became the basic stages here 262 in which development of positions on Cyprus in 1998 the base for the Greek Air Forces has been constructed in: Pathos. The certificate of gravity of intentions of Nicosia to change adverse for it a power parity on island plans of acquisition of Russian systems S-300 were; as a result of, however, negative reaction from the party not only Turkey, but also the USA, and also of some the leading European Union countries, the bought rockets, in coordination with Athenes, have been placed on island Krit.263 the International protests have shown also, that any forcing of intensity in East Mediterranean threatens to be reflected in the European prospect of Cyprus negatively. Thereupon Greeks-Cypriotes have concentrated all forces to maintenance of the unobstructed introduction of Nicosia in the European Union. Against gradually accruing activity round europrospects of Turkey and Cyprus, effort on revival of negotiating process within the limits of the United Nations a little oslabli. In the summer of 1996 intercommunal relations were heated in connection with incidents at the buffer zone, led to victims from both parties. In such conditions the offer of the USA (July, 1996) on the organisation of regular meetings of a military management of communities for prevention of collisions was accepted not. The initiative of London (December, 1996), offering to renew intercommunal dialogue and, as a matter of fact, to return to ideas of "package" of B.Gali, 264 has been rejected "TRSK"; Greeks-Cypriotes have left it without the answer. It is remarkable, that in this offer into consideration EU factor already was taken: it was underlined, that membership of Cyprus in the European Union should be equitable to interests of all Cypriotes. In July - August, 1997 in New York (Trautbek) and Glione (Switzerland) G.Kliridisa and R.Denktasha.265's negotiations by the Purpose of the initiative of the United Nations have taken place there was a development of the joint declaration on settlement principles, however discussion uvjazlo in sword-plays concerning concept of the sovereignty new - after settlement - the Cyprian state, character of its relations with Greece and Turkey etc. Nevertheless, G.Kliridis expressed readiness to continue dialogue; R.Denktash insisted on an immediate recognition "TRSK" and demanded from EU to refuse the beginning of negotiations with Greeks-Cypriotes about the introduction (with the corresponding recommendation in July, 1997 has acted KES). As a result dialogue has come to the end again without results. Efforts of the United Nations across Cyprus, nevertheless, stimulated again intercommunal dialogue, however G.Kliridisa and R.Denktasha's contacts in 1998-2000, including with participation of the Secretary general of the United Nations and its special representatives, have again ended with anything. Dialogue rotated round points of order to which the parties attached basic significance, and known positions of communities; that sensation, that Greeks - and Turks-Cypriotes are really adjusted on progress achievement in negotiations, still was not. Has not given results and the reference to the Cyprian question in a format «G-8» (the Cologne declaration, on June, 20th 1999 266). The algorithm of the Cyprian opposition continued to reproduce stably the logic, bringing to nothing intermediary efforts in become traditional United Nations channel. As it is represented, the short analysis undertaken in the given paragraph has confirmed, as after events of 1974 the Cyprian problem has kept the base characteristic expressed in the conflict of the basic interests of communities. Now it has been recoded"taking into account new elements, 267 but thus absence of the painful stalemate, capable to compel Greeks - or Turks-Cypriotes to make concessions, still allowed them to continue negotiations on inertia. At the same time the concise statement of the maintenance of the initiatives which were putting forward in 1975 - 2000 various variants of the permission of the Cyprian problem, has revealed gradual accumulation of a set of components which in this or that combination began to repeat again in the further schemes of settlement. As a result each new project, considering experience previous, in own way combined and corrected the settled complex of outcomes already known, as a matter of fact, supplementing it only details. In other words, occurrence is qualitative other approaches, capable to bring something considerably new in projected settlement on Cyprus, became practically impossible - without change of parametres of the search of settlement. On this background negotiations stopped in infinite unproductive process. The deadlock outcome of all initiatives confirmed the thesis that specificity of contradictions of the parties extremely complicated their reduction to a common denominator as irreconcilability of interests limited a spectrum of possible compromises. In such conditions break was possible only at occurrence of the new significant factor which account could change algorithm of functioning as all subsystem of the international relations, generated round the Cyprian problem, and its each participant. From the beginning of 90th for this role incorporated Europe began to be put forward gradually. To the analysis of a role of the European Union in a complex of relations round Cyprus, and also on settlement searches (including the plan of the Secretary general of the United Nations K.Annana) is devoted an estimation of its influence on new initiatives the following paragraph.
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A source: Bredikhin, Oleg Nikolaevich. Cyprus conflict: the genesis and the main stages of development / thesis / Moscow. 2006

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